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Voltage and Current Division

- In a parallel circuit, current divides but voltage remains the same across branches. In a series circuit, voltage divides while current remains the same. - Star-Delta and Delta-Star transformations allow conversion between 3-phase impedance connections in a star or delta configuration. - Thevenin's and Norton's theorems allow simplification of linear circuits to equivalent single voltage/current sources in series/parallel with a resistance. Maximum power transfer occurs when the load resistance equals the internal resistance.

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Fenil Darji
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37 views17 pages

Voltage and Current Division

- In a parallel circuit, current divides but voltage remains the same across branches. In a series circuit, voltage divides while current remains the same. - Star-Delta and Delta-Star transformations allow conversion between 3-phase impedance connections in a star or delta configuration. - Thevenin's and Norton's theorems allow simplification of linear circuits to equivalent single voltage/current sources in series/parallel with a resistance. Maximum power transfer occurs when the load resistance equals the internal resistance.

Uploaded by

Fenil Darji
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Voltage and Current Division

Current Division
• A parallel circuit acts as a current divider as the current divides in all
the branches in a parallel circuit, and the voltage remains the same
across them.
Voltage Division
• In a series circuit, voltage is divided, whereas the current remains the
same.

• The voltage across a resistor in a series circuit is equal to the value of


that resistor times the total impressed voltage across the series
elements divided by the total resistance of the series elements.
Star-Delta Transformation
Star-Delta Transformation
• Star-Delta Transformations and Delta-Star Transformations allow us to
convert impedances connected together in a 3-phase configuration
from one type of connection to another.
• Standard 3-phase circuits or networks take on two major forms with
names that represent the way in which the resistances are connected
• A Star connected network which has the symbol of the letter, Υ (wye)
and a Delta connected network which has the symbol of a triangle, Δ
(delta).
T-connected and Pi-connected Networks
Delta to Star

𝐴𝐵
𝑃=
𝐴+𝐵+𝐶
𝐴𝐶
𝑄=
𝐴+𝐵+𝐶
𝐵𝐶
𝑃=
𝐴+𝐵+𝐶
Star to Delta

𝑃𝑄 + 𝑄𝑅 + 𝑅𝑃
𝐴=
𝑅

𝑃𝑄 + 𝑄𝑅 + 𝑅𝑃
𝐵=
𝑄

𝑃𝑄 + 𝑄𝑅 + 𝑅𝑃
𝐶=
𝑃
Network Theorems
Thevenin’s Theorem
• Thevenin’s Theorem states that “Any linear circuit containing several
voltages and resistances can be replaced by just one single voltage in
series with a single resistance connected across the load“.
• It is possible to simplify any electrical circuit, no matter how complex,
to an equivalent two-terminal circuit with just a single constant
voltage source in series with a resistance.
• Thevenin’s Theorem is especially useful in the circuit analysis of
power or battery systems and other interconnected resistive circuits
where it will have an effect on the adjoining part of the circuit.
Thevenin’s Theorem (contd.)
• The basic procedure for solving a circuit using Thevenin’s Theorem is
as follows:
• 1. Remove the load resistor RL or component concerned.
• 2. Find RS by shorting all voltage sources or by open circuiting all the
current sources.
• 3. Find VS by the usual circuit analysis methods.
• 4. Find the current flowing through the load resistor RL.
Norton’s Theorem
• Nortons Theorem states that “Any linear circuit containing several
energy sources and resistances can be replaced by a single Constant
Current generator in parallel with a Single Resistor“.
• As far as the load resistance, RL is concerned this single resistance, RS
is the value of the resistance looking back into the network with all
the current sources open circuited and IS is the short circuit current at
the output terminals.
Norton’s Theorem (contd.)
• The basic procedure for solving a circuit using Nortons Theorem is as
follows:
• 1. Remove the load resistor RL or component concerned.
• 2. Find RS by shorting all voltage sources or by open circuiting all the
current sources.
• 3. Find IS by placing a shorting link on the output terminals A and B.
• 4. Find the current flowing through the load resistor RL.
Topics
• Source Transformation
• Maximum power transfer
• Use of superposition theorem
Maximum Power Transfer
• Maximum Power Transfer occurs when the resistive value of the load
is equal in value to that of the voltage sources internal resistance
allowing maximum power to be supplied.
• The maximum amount of power will be dissipated in the load
resistance if it is equal in value to the Thevenin or Norton source
resistance of the network supplying the power.
Wheatstone Bridge
• Originally developed by Charles Wheatstone to measure unknown
resistance values .
• It can be used to measure very low values of resistances down in the
milli-Ohms range.
• With modern operational amplifiers we can use the Wheatstone
Bridge Circuit to interface various transducers and sensors to these
amplifier circuits.
Wheatstone Bridge (contd.)
• It is nothing more than two simple series-parallel arrangements of
resistances connected between a voltage supply terminal and ground
producing zero voltage difference between the two parallel branches
when balanced.
• It has two input terminals and two output terminals consisting of four
resistors configured in a diamond-like arrangement as shown.

When balanced, the Wheatstone


bridge can be analysed simply as
two series strings in parallel.

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