Straight Line & Its

Applications
Dr. Avinash K Shrivastava
Session-1
 What is business mathematics?
Mathematics that is used by commercial
enterprises to record daily transactions,
forecast demand and supply as well as other
commercial operations known as business
mathematics.
 Importance of business
mathematics
• Business mathematics is essential to keep track
of an organization day to day operation.
• To record daily transaction of business: An
organization uses business mathematics to keep
record of their daily transaction. How much
product they sold today? How much profit
organization earned from today's operation etc.
are calculated using business mathematics.
• To forecast production: Organizations analyzes there
product demand and uses business mathematics to
determine how much production should be done meet up
these demand.
• To forecast sales volume: Once an organization determine
their production they calculate their sales volume using
business mathematics.
• To calculate profit or loss: Organizations uses business
mathematics to calculate their total cost (TC), total
revenue (TR) and total profit (TP) from the operation.
• To reduce wastage: If a company forecast their
production than they can determine what resources they
need such labour, funds etc. And business mathematics is
essential to determine these resources. This way an
organization can reduce wastage of resources.
 What is a Line?
y-axis
• A line is the set of points forming a straight
path on a plane
• The slant (slope) between any two points on
a line is always equal
x-axis
• A line on the Cartesian plane can be
described by a linear equation
 Definition - Linear Equation
• Any equation that can be put into the form
Ax + By  C = 0, where A, B, and C are
Integers and A and B are not both 0, is called
a linear equation in two variables.
• The graph will be a straight line.
• The form Ax + By  C = 0 is called standard
form (Integer coefficients all on one side = 0)
 Definition - Linear Equation
• The equation of a line describes all of the
points on the line
• The equation is the rule for any ordered pair
on the line
Examples:
1. 3x + 2y – 8 = 0 2. x – 7y + 2 = 0
(4, -2) is on the line (4, -2) is not on the line
(5, 1) is not on the line (5, 1) is on the line
Test the point by plugging the x and y into the equation
 The Video Shop.
You join a video shop for a membership fee of £3 and then
charges £2 for each video you hire:

Complete the table below for the cost of hiring different

numbers of videos.

No of videos 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Cost of Videos(£) 3 5 7 9 11 13 15

Now draw a graph of the table above.

Cost
14
13
12
11
10
9 Graph of videos
hired against cost.
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 No of Videos
Cost
14 Now consider the structure of the
13 graph.
12 The graph cuts the y axis at
11 (0,3) because it cost £3 to join
10 the video shop before you
9 hired any videos.
8
For every square that you
7 move to the right you go two
6 squares up because the cost
5 of each video is £2.
4
3
2
1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 No of Videos
 Finding A Formula.
Look at the table of values for the video hire once again:
V 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
C 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
Find a formula for the cost of videos (C) given the number of
videos (V) :

C = 2V + 3

From the This was the place were the

graph we This was the number graph cut the y axis. This is
saw that : of squares you went up called the y axis intercept.
for each one you went
along.This is called the
gradient of the line.
 Now repeat the question again for a video shop charging £5 to join
and £3 for each video hired.Start by completing the table below.
No of videos 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Cost of Videos(£) 5

Answer the questions below:

Where does the graph cut the y axis ?

(0, 5)

What is the gradient of the line:

Gradient = 3

The full graph is shown on the next slide:

Cost
14 C = 3V + 5
13
Is the equation of the line.
12
11 Gradient of 3.
10
9
8
7
6
5 Y axis intercept
(0,5)
4
3
2
1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 No of Videos
 Gradient/Slope
Gradient is the mathematical word for steepness.

The bigger the gradient, the steeper the slope of the line.

A line that slopes up has a positive gradient

A line that slopes down has a negative

gradient.
Slope

Slope describes the

direction of a line.
 More About The Gradient.
The gradient (m) of a straight line is defined to be:
change in vertical height.
m
change in horizontal distance.

Change in vertical height.

Change in horizontal distance.

We are going to use this definition to calculate the gradient

of various straight lines:
Find the gradients of the straight lines below:

(1) (2)
4
m = 74

3 7

m = 43

4
(3)
change in vertical height.
4 m
change in horizontal distance.
m = 44

4 m=1
(5) (6)

8 9

6 3

m = 86 = 43 m= 9 =3
3
 Negative Gradient
Consider the straight lines shown below:

(a) (c) (d) (e)

(b)

Can you split the lines into two groups based on their gradients ?

Lines (a) (c) and (d) slope upwards from left to right. Positive
gradient

Lines (b) and (e) slope downwards from left to right. Negative
gradient
Calculate the gradients of the lines below:

(1) (2)

-4
-8
5
4
m
5
6

8 4
m 
6 3
 Gradients
Gradient is the mathematical word for steepness

The bigger the gradient, the steeper the slope of a line.

A line that slopes up has a positive gradient

A line that slopes down has a negative gradient

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Getting smaller Getting bigger

Blue Red

Which line has the biggest gradient? Red or blue?

 What do graphs show?
A graph shows a relationship on a coordinate grid.
And across to
the length axis

Read up from
the mass axis

Sam and Anna are

testing a spring. This
graph shows the
relationship between
Use the graph to find:
the length of the
a) The length of the spring with no mass on it spring and the mass
b) The length of the spring with a mass of 4.5kg hung on it.
c) The mass needed to make the spring 13cm long.
 Using a scale
Graphs often have different scales on each axis.
The most common scales are: The factors of 10: 1, 2, 5, 10
The multiples of 10: 10, 20, 50, 100

You work out a scale like this:

On the y-axis, 10 small

squares is 50 units so 1
small square is 50 ÷ 10 = 5

On the x-axis, 10 small

squares is 5 units so 1
small square is 5 ÷ 10 = 0.5
You can use this graph to convert temperatures between degrees
Graphs in all 4 quadrants
Fahrenheit (0F) and degrees Celsius (0C)
Use You
the graph
need to be
convert
able to
–50
use
0
Cgraphs
into 0Fin all four quadrants.

Read down from –

500C

And across The answer

to the
vertical axis is –600F

300C = 1000F -100F = -260C 00C = 400F

1600F = 600C -700C = -550F

 What can you tell me about…
4
The blue line?
3
Compared to the red line?
2
The yellow line?
1
The green line?
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Compared to the yellow -1
line? -2

The pink line? -3

-4
 The Equation Of A Straight Line.
To find the equation of any straight line we require to know two
things:

(a) The gradient of the line. m = gradient.

(b) The y axis intercept of the line. c = y axis intercept.

The equation of a straight line is : y = m x + c

Examples.
Give the gradient and the y axis intercept for each of the following lines.

(1) y = 6x + 5 (2) y = 4x + 2 (3) y = x - 3

m=6 c=5 m=4 c=2 m=1 c=-3

 Finding The Equation.
Find the equation of the straight lines below:
y y
(1) (2)

x x
1
What is the gradient ? m = 1 m
2
What is the y axis intercept? c=2 c=1

Now use y = m x + c y=x+2 1

y  x 1
2
(3) y (4) y m = -2

c=3

y = -2x + 3

x x
3
m
2
c = -2
3
y  x2
2
 y (6) y 2
(5) m
3
c=2
2
y  x2
3

x x
4
m
3
c=6
4
y   x6
3
 The Gradient Formula.
The Gradient Formula. It shows a straight line passing
through the points (x1,y1) and
Look at the diagram below:
(x2,y2).
y2
We must calculate the gradient
of the line using the triangle
y2-y1 shown:
Change in vertical height:
y1
x2-x1 y2 – y1

Change in horizontal distance:

x1 x2
y 2  y1 x2-x1
Gradient of line: m 
x 2  x1
 Why is
this
needed
? Slope
If x1  x2, the slope of the line
through the distinct points P1(x1, y1)
and P2(x2, y2) is: Guard against 0 in
the denominator

rise change in y y 2  y1
slope   
run change in x x2  x1
Calculate the gradient of the line through the points below:

(1) A(4,6) and B( 10,12) (2) C(-4,8) and D(6,-10)

Solution:
Solution:
Write down the gradient formula: y 2  y1
m
x 2  x1
y 2  y1
Gradient of line: m  8 - (-10)
x 2  x1 m
-4-6
Substitute in your values: 18
m
12  6 - 10
m
10  4 9
m
Calculate and simplify: 5
6
m  1
6
Calculate the slope between (-3, 6) and (5, 2)
x1 y1 x2 y2
y 2  y1
m We use the letter mm
x2  x1 to represent slope

( 2)  ( 6 ) - 4 - 1
m  
(5)  (-3) 8 2
 y 2  y1
m Find the Slopes
x2  x1
Yellow
29 -7 (3, 9)
m1  
11  3 8
Blue
2  (-2) 2
m2   (11, 2)
11  5 3
Red
- 2  9 - 11
m3   (5, -2)
53 2
Find the slope between (5, 4) and (5, 2).
x1 y1 x2 y2

y 2  y1
m
x2  x1
( 2)  ( 4 ) - 2
m 
(5)  (5) 0 STOP
This slope is undefined.
Find the slope between (5, 4) and (5, 2).
y

Rise -2
= = Undefined
Run 0
Find the slope between (5, 4) and (-3, 4).
x1 y1 x2 y2
y 2  y1
m
x2  x1
( 4 )  ( 4) 0
m  0
(-3)  (5) -8

This slope is zero.

Find the slope between (5, 4) and (-3, 4).
y

Rise 0
= = Zero
Run -8
From these results we
can see...
• The slope of a vertical
line is undefined.
• The slope of a
horizontal line is 0.
 Sign of the Slope
Which have a
negative slope? Which have a
positive slope?
Undefined Red
Light Blue Green
White Blue

Zero
Slope
 Slope of Parallel Lines
• Two lines with the
same slope are parallel.
• Two parallel lines have
the same slope.
Are the two lines parallel?
L1: through (-2, 1) and (4, 5) and
L2: through (3, 0) and (0, -2)

(5)  (1) 4 2
m1   
( 4)  (-2) 6 3

(0)  (-2) 2 m1  m2
m2  
(3)  (0) 3  L1 L2
This symbol means Parallel
 -3
Perpendicular Slopes m1  4
4 m2 
3
y

x
What can we say
about the intersection
of the two white lines?
 Slopes of Perpendicular Lines
• If neither line is vertical then the slopes of
perpendicular lines are negative reciprocals.
• Lines with slopes that are negative reciprocals
are perpendicular.
• If the product of the slopes of two lines is -1
then the lines are perpendicular.
• Horizontal lines are perpendicular to vertical
lines.
Write parallel, perpendicular or neither for the
pair of lines that passes through (5, -9) and (3, 7)
and the line through (0, 2) and (8, 3).
(7)  (-9) 16
m1    -8
(3)  (5) -2
(3)  ( 2) 1  -8   1  -8
m2        -1
(8)  (0) 8 1 8 8

m1  m2  -1
This symbol means Perpendicular
 L1  L2
 Straight Line From Two Points.
Find the equation of the straight line passing through (4,6) and (8,12)
Solution: Now substitute one of the points into
Find the gradient of the line: y = m x + c to find c.
y 2  y1 Sub’ (4,6) into y = 3x +c :
m
x 2  x1 6 = 3 x 4 +c
12  6 6 c + 12 = 6
m  3
84 2
c= -6
Substitute gradient into y = m x + c.
Now write down the equation
y=3x+c of the straight line:
y = 3x - 6
Find the equation of a straight line passing through C(6,-7) and D(-12,9)

Solution. Now substitute one of the points into

y = m x + c to find c.
Calculate the gradient:
y 2  y1 Sub’ (6,-7) into equation:
m
x 2  x1 8
-7  6c
9  ( 7) 16 8 3
m  
12  6 6 3
- 21  8  6  3c
Substitute gradient into y = m x + c.
3c  -21 - 48  -69
8
y  xc c = -23
3
Equation of the straight line:
8
y  x  23
3
Write an equation for the line
through (5, 7) parallel to 2x – 5y = 15.
2 x  5 y  15
2 x  15  5 y
2 x 15 5 y
 
5 5 5
2 2
x  3  y m 
5 5
Write an equation for the line
through (5, 7) parallel to 2x – 5y = 15.
We know the slope and
2 (5) b b
7y  mx
we know a point. 5
2 7=2+b
m
5 7–2=b
(5, 7 ) 5=b

2
y  x5
5
Write an equation for the line
through (5, 7) parallel to 2x – 5y = 15.

2
y  x5
5

2 x  5 y  15
2
y  x3
5
 The slope of the perpendicular.
• The slope of the perpendicular line is the
negative reciprocal of m
• Flip it over and change the sign.
Examples of slopes of perpendicular lines:
2 1 -7
-2 2.4 2
3 5
2 1 = -5 -2  1 12 -7  2
3 5 1 2 5 2 7
Note: The product of perpendicular slopes is -1