Scribd
Upload
33 views37 pages

Communication Systems Week 11: Dr. Farah Haroon

This document discusses different types of noise that affect communication systems, including Gaussian noise, white Gaussian noise, shot noise, flicker noise, and transit time noise. It provides key details about each noise type, such as their power spectral density functions and modeling. The document also discusses noise figure, which is a measure of how much a system degrades the signal-to-noise ratio. Key aspects covered include that Gaussian noise is fully characterized by its mean and variance, white Gaussian noise has a constant power spectral density, and noise figure compares the input and output signal-to-noise ratios.

Uploaded by

Irtza Arain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
33 views37 pages

Communication Systems Week 11: Dr. Farah Haroon

This document discusses different types of noise that affect communication systems, including Gaussian noise, white Gaussian noise, shot noise, flicker noise, and transit time noise. It provides key details about each noise type, such as their power spectral density functions and modeling. The document also discusses noise figure, which is a measure of how much a system degrades the signal-to-noise ratio. Key aspects covered include that Gaussian noise is fully characterized by its mean and variance, white Gaussian noise has a constant power spectral density, and noise figure compares the input and output signal-to-noise ratios.

Uploaded by

Irtza Arain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 37

Communication Systems

Week 11

Dr. Farah Haroon


Noise
Gaussian distribution

• Main virtue of the Gaussian process:


Two parameters, the mean and variance are enough to fully characterize
a Gaussian distribution.
PDF

9
Power spectral density (PSD) of a random process
• By definition, the power spectral density SX(t) and
autocorrelation function RX() of a random process X(t)
form a Fourier transform pair with  and f as the variables
of interest.

• The power of random process X(t) is equal to the total area


under the graph of power spectral density.

• The power spectral density is that characteristic of a


random process which is easy to measure and which is used
in communication engineering to characterize noise.
12
13
White Gaussian Noise
• Gaussian means Gaussian process.
• A measurable consequence: Measured instantaneous values of
a thermal noise give a Gaussian distribution.
• White means that the autocorrelation function consists of
a delta function weighted by the factor N0/2 and occurring
at Ʈ = 0.
• Power spectral density of white noise is:

• Where No represents the density constant


• No=4kRT
White Gaussian Noise
Shot noise
 Shot noise is due to the random arrivals of
electron packets at the potential barrier of
forward biased P/N junctions.
 It is always associated with a dc current flow in
diodes and BJTs. However, the average number
of electrons drifting past a particular point per
time interval varies. The variation about the
mean value or average of a dc current is the
shot noise.
 It is frequency independent (white noise),
amplitude following Gausssian distribution.
Shot noise modeling
 The noise amplitude is represented by the
rms current value:

in  2qI D B
19
where q  1.6 10 C
Flicker noise
 Flicker noise is due to contamination and
crystal defects.
 No unifying principle has been found for all
the 1/f noise sources
 It is found in all active devices.
 It is inversely proportional to frequency (also
called 1/f noise) .
 DC current in carbon resistors cause flicker
noise.
 Metal film resistors have no flicker noise.
Flicker noise modeling
 The noise amplitude is represented by the
rms value:
a
I
in  K1 b f
f
where a  0.5 to 2 and b  1
 In electrical and electronic devices, flicker
noise occurs only when electric current is
flowing.
Flicker noise modeling
 The constant K1 is device dependent and
must be determined experimentally.
 The amplitude distribution is non-
Gaussian.
 It is often the dominating noise factor in
the low-frequency region.
 It can be described in more details with
fractal theory.
Transit time noise
 Transit time is the time taken by a current
carrier to reach from input to output.
 This time taken is minimal for a tiny
distance.
 At low frequencies, the signal time period
is much more, therefore its effect is
negligible.
 However at high frequency it contributes
as noise directly related with the
frequency of operation.
 In transistors, if the time taken by the
electron to travel from emitter to the
collector becomes comparable to period of
signal being amplified at VHF range, transit
time effects takes place.
 The input noise of transistor increases.
 Therefore on these frequencies the noise
goes on increasing with increase in
frequency which causes high disturbance.
29
30
31
Noise Figure
 Noise ratio is a figure of merit that
indicates how much a component, or a
stage degrades the SNR of a system:
F = (S/N)i / (S/N)o
where (S/N)i = input SNR (not in dB)
and (S/N)o = output SNR (not in dB)

 Noise Figure is the Noise Factor in dB:


NF(dB)=10 log F = (S/N)i (dB) - (S/N)o (dB)
32
33
34
35
36
37

You might also like