AAAll India Muslim League

Lucknow Pact
Khilafat Movement
 Introduction

 A founder Political Party of Pakistan.

 Purely having Islamic ideological basis.
 Founded to protect rights of Muslims in British India.
 Bengal was divided into two parts in 1905 due to some
administrative reasons.
 Muslims were beneficiaries of this partition as they were
in majority in East Province.
 Hindus considered it a deliberate action to harm their
interests.
 They agitated and demanded annulment of partition.
 Muslims considered this agitation against their own
interest and realized that Hindus do not want to see
their prosperity.
 In 1906, debate started in Britain about constitutional
reforms in India.
 Muslim Leaders decided to make an immediate move for
protection of the rights of Muslims in new Constitution.
 A Muslim Deputation consisting of 36 members met
Lord Minto in Simla in October 1906 in this regard.
 Separate electorates were demanded.
 Viceroy assured the delegation about their political
rights in new Constitution.
 Muslims thought about to have their own political
Organization to struggle for their Rights.
 In November 1906, Nawab Saleemullah of Dhaka sent a
circular proposing the establishment of a Political Party.
 Dignitaries were asked to prepare and discuss it in the
Annual Session of Mohammadan Educational
Conference.
 Session was held in last week of December attended by
some 3000 delegates.
 On 30 December, 1906, resolution was unanimously
opted about the establishment of a Political Party.
 Sir Agha Khan was elected as President
 Head Quarters in Lucknow
 Six Vice-Presidents, a secretary and two joint Secretaries
for a term of three years.
 Initial membership was 400 in fixed proportion of the
provinces.
 To inculcate among Muslims a feeling of loyalty to the
Government and to disabuse their minds of
misunderstandings and misconceptions out of it’s actions and
intentions.
 2. To protect and advance the political rights and interests of
the Muslims of India and to represent to the Government
from time to time, their needs and aspirations.
 3. To prevent the growth of ill-will between Muslims and
other nationalities without prejudice to it’s own purposes.
 So far three factors had kept the Muslims away from the
Congress - Sir Syed’s advice to the Muslims to give it a wide
berth, the Hindu agitation against the partition of Bengal and
the Hindu religious revivalism’s hostility towards the
Muslims. The Muslims remained loyal to Sir Syed’s advice but
events were fast changing the Indian scene and politics was
being thrust on all sections of the population.

 Besides these, the motivating factors were that the Muslim
intellectual class wanted representation; the masses needed
to unite at one platform to discuss their common political,
social, economic , religious and constitutional matters.
 Constitution of the League known as “Green Book” was
written by Moulana Muhammad Ali Johar,a renowned
Scholar and a vocal Journalist.
 Syed Ameer Ali established a branch in London in 1908,
supporting the same objectives.
 LUCKNOW PACT
KHILAFAT MOVEMENT
 BACKGROUND
 First World War started in 1914.
 Indians sacrificed a lot in terms of lives,
manpower, supplies, finances and patience
with high prices for wheat,rice,kerosine etc.
 The Muslims had reservations about Turkey
and going to dispel their pro-British
reputation.
 The growing mood of determination to participate
in governing the subcontinent led to the Lucknow
Pact between the Muslim League and the Congress
in 1916.
 Quaid-i-Azam joined Muslim League in1913
which gave a new dimension to Indian Politics.
 Muslim League had already demanded self rule for
India as had the Congress.
 The Muslims were demanding for separate
electorates. Both parties were demanding same
privileges.
 Leaders from both sides agreed to co-operate to
bring the government around to accept their
demands.
 Major points
 Both parties reached on an agreement in 1916 in
Lucknow called “Lucknow Pact”.
 The Congress conceded to electorates for muslims
and acknowledged them as a separate nation.
 Hindus and Muslims should be guaranteed a certain
number of seats in areas where they were a minority.
 Muslims gave up their claims to majorities in
Punjab and Bengal in return of a promise of extra
seats for Muslims in minority Provinces.
 Muhammad Ali Jinnah was principal negotiator of
this pact and was entitled as “ Ambassador of
Hindu-Muslim unity", by Mrs. Sairojni Naidu.
 The most significant achievement of this pact for the Muslims
was that for the first time the Congress had recognized the
Muslim League as a representative body of the Muslims of
the sub-continent and they were granted separate electorates
in the provincial as well as in Imperial Legislative Council.
The central government was generally to avoid undue
intervention in the working of the provincial governments.
 The Muslims who feared losing Islamic and cultural identity
were assured that: No bill, nor any clause thereof, nor a
resolution introduced by a non-official member affecting one
or the other community, which question is to be determined
by the members of that community in the Legislative Council
concerned, shall be proceeded with, if three-fourth of the
members of that community in the particular Council,
Imperial or provincial, oppose the bill or any Clause thereof
or the resolution.
 Jinnah visited Europe along with Gokhle after this
pact.
 British recognized the problems, contributions and
determinations of Indians and announced their
intentions of granting gradual self-government
within the Empire on 20 august 1917.
Khilafat Movement
 Background
 The movement stared due to the treatment of Turkey after
the First World War. Turkey was a muslim country and its
leader was considered the head of worldwide Islamic
community. His empire included Makkah, Madina and
Jerusalem. When the British threatened to take their
territory away, the muslims of India were outraged and
started the movement to protect their sultan and their
religion.
The Ottoman empire, having sided with the Central
Powers during World War I, suffered a major military
defeat. The Treaty of Versailles (1919) reduced its
territorial extent and diminished its political influence
but the victorious European powers promised to protect
the Ottoman emperor's status as the Caliph. However,
under the Treaty of Sèvres (1920), territories such as
Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Egypt severed from the
empire.
 Within Turkey, a pro-Western nationalist movement
arose, Turkish national movement. Pursuant to Atatürk's
Reforms, the Republic of Turkey abolished the position
of Caliphate in 1924 and transferred its powers within
Turkey to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey.
 Muslims of India had an emotional attachment with
Caliphate.
 They considered Ottoman Empire as their
Caliphate.
 Sultan of Turkey was considered as Ameer-ul-
Momneen by Indian Muslims as they did not have
their own identity and always saw towards Ottoman
Caliph
 European powers curtail the Turkish Empire by
occupying Eastern Thrace, Constantinople and the
straits in Balkan wars in 1912-13.
 Turkey joined Germans in 1st World War to
avenge the European Powers.
 Sympathies of Indian Muslims were with Turkey.
 Germany Lost the War.
 The British hoped to neutralize the status of the
Caliph and the right of the Turks to their homeland.
 The Peace settlement and the Treaty of Severs broke
of the Ottoman Empire and reduced Sultan to the
status of Vassal Prince.
 Muslim Holy Places were placed under the hold of
Allied Forces.
 Majlis-i-Khilafat was made by traders in Bombay in
1919.
 Muslim Conference’s meeting held in Lucknow and
decided to make it mass scale movement.
 Seth Jaan Muhammad Chhutani was as elected
president.
 Muslims Of India launched this movement to fight
Turkey’s battle from India though they were
thousands of miles from Turkey.
 Objectives
 To maintain the Turkish caliphate
 To protect the Holy Places of the Muslims
 To maintain the unity of the Ottoman Empire
 Mohammad Ali put forward the demands of the Khilafat
Movement in a speech delivered at Paris on March 21, 1920
by declaring:
“The Khilafat shall not be dismembered but that the Khalifa
shall have sufficient temporal power for the defence of the
faith, that in the Island of Arabia there shall be
exclusive, Muslim control without mandate or protection
and that the Khalifa shall remain as heretofore the warden of
the
Holy places.”
• Muslim Conference and Congress both were
demanding the Independence of India.
• Congress leaders decided to cooperate with Muslims
in the time of need.
• A Meeting held and decided to cooperate each other
un-conditionally and to send a delegation to viceroy
and to England to explain the matter.
• Non-cooperation movement was started in 1920.
 Hijrat Movement
• Jamiyat Ulema-i-Hind proposed that when a land is
not safe for Islam, a Muslim has two options-Jihad or
Hijrat.
• Fatwa was signed by 925 prominent Ulemas.
• Hundreds of Families sold their properties and
migrated towards Afghanistan, but were not allowed
to enter in the premises of the state.
• This was a tragic event as thousands of Muslim
Families suffered.
 Major Events
• In 1921,Moplah uprising,400 were killed and tens of
thousands were injured.
• Moplah train tragedy,66 were killed.
• Hindu-Muslim communal riots particularly in
Multan and Bengal.
• Arrest of Ali brethren in Sep.1921.
• Feb 1922,Chaura Chauri incident, 21 policemen
killed.
• Gandhi called off the whole movement making an
excuse that the National Volunteers were
responsible for the murder of policemen.
• A sever blow to Khilafat Movement. When in 1924
Turks announced an end to Khilafat and made a
new government.
• Khilafat conference and committee died down in a
short time and there was nothing but the name
remained
 COMMENTS
• Movement failed to achieve its objectives but carried
to political awakening to Muslims.
• Made clear to Indian Muslims neither to trust the
British nor the Hindus.
• Movement was a sever blow to All India Muslim
League’s popularity
 It united the muslims and hindus and was one of the first
steps towards independence from British rule.
 It showed the Muslims that they had political power and
were’nt just servants of British or hindus.
 Many people lost their jobs and many students lost their
education because of the non-cooperation policy.
 It started more fights between muslims and hindus and was
seen as an important step in moving muslims nearer to
gaining an independent Islamic state.