Introduction To Java Programming

You will learn about the process of

creating Java programs and constructs
for input, output, branching, looping, as
well some of the history behind Java’s
development.
Java Vs. Java Script

Java (this is what you need to know for this course)

 A complete programming language developed by Sun
 Can be used to develop either web based or stand-alone software
 Many pre-created code libraries available
 For more complex and powerful programs

Java Script (not covered in this course)

 A small language that’s mostly used for web-based applications (run through a
web browser like Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari, Chrome)
 Good for programming simple special effects for your web page e.g., roll-overs
 e.g.,
http://pages.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/~tamj/2005/231P/assignments/assignment4/index.h
tml
Java: History

 Computers of the past

Java: History (2)
 The invention of the microprocessor revolutionized computers

Intel microprocessor

Commodore Pet microcomputer

Java: History (3)

 It was believed that the logical next step for

microprocessors was to have them run intelligent
consumer electronics
 Java History (4)

Sun Microsystems funded an internal research project

“Green” to investigate this opportunity.
 Result: A programming language called “Oak”

Blatant advertisement: James Gosling was a

graduate of the U of C Computer Science
program.

Wav file from “The Simpsons” © Fox, Image from the website of Sun Microsystems
Java History (5)

 Problem: There was already a programming language called Oak.

 The “Green” team met at a local coffee shop to come up with
another name...
Java!
Java: History (6)
The concept of intelligent devices didn’t catch on.
Project Green and work on the Java language
was nearly canceled.
 Java: History (7)

The popularity of the Internet resulted in Sun’s re-

focusing of Java on computers.
Prior to the advent of Java, web pages allowed you to
download only text and images.

Your computer at home Server containing a

running a web browser web page

User clicks on a link

Images and text get

downloaded
 Java: History (8)

 Java enabled web browsers allowed for the

downloading of programs (Applets).
 Java is still used in this context today:
at Facebook
Your computer  home (older version) Server containing
a web page
 Hotmail (older version)
running a web browser

User clicks on a link

Java Applet downloaded

Java version of the Game of Life: http://www.bitstorm.org/gameoflife/

Online checkers: http://www.darkfish.com/checkers/index.html
Java: Write Once, Run Anywhere
 Consequence of Java’s
history: platform-
independence

Click on link to Applet

Mac user running Safari

Web page stored on Unix server
Virtual machine translates byte code to
native Mac code and the Applet is run Byte code is downloaded

Windows user running Internet Explorer

Byte code
(part of web
page)
Java: Write Once, Run Anywhere
 Consequence of Java’s
history: platform-
independent

Mac user running Safari

Web page stored on Unix server

Click on link to Applet

Byte code is downloaded

Windows user running Internet Explorer

Virtual machine translates byte code to

native Windows code and the Applet is run
 Java: Write Once, Run
Anywhere (2)
 But Java can also create standard (non-web based)
programs

Dungeon Master (Java version) Kung Fu Panda 2: THQ

http://homepage.mac.com/aberfield/dmj/

Examples of mobile Java games: http://www.mobilegamesarena.net

 Java: Write Once, Run
Anywhere (3)
 Java has been used by large and reputable
companies to create serious stand-alone applications.
 Example:
 Eclipse1: started as a programming environment created
by IBM for developing Java programs. The program
Eclipse was itself written in Java.

1 For more information: http://www.eclipse.org/downloads/

Compiled Programs With Different
Operating Systems

Windows
compiler

Executable (Windows)

Mac OS
Computer compiler
program
Executable (Mac)

UNIX
compiler

Executable (UNIX)
 A High Level View Of
Translating/Executing Java
Stage 1: Compilation
Programs
Filename.java Java compiler Filename.class
(javac)
Java
Java program bytecode
(generic
binary)
 A High Level View Of
Translating/Executing Java Programs (2)
Stage 2: Interpreting and executing the byte code
Machine language
instruction (UNIX)

Filename.class Java interpreter Machine language

(java) instruction (Windows)
Java
bytecode
(generic
binary) Machine language
instruction (Apple)
 Which Java?

Java 6+ JDK (Java Development Kit), Standard Edition

includes:
 JDK (Java development kit) – for developing Java
software (creating Java programs.
 JRE (Java Runtime environment) – only good for running
pre-created Java programs.
Java Plug-in – a special version of the JRE designed to run
through web browsers.

http://java.sun.com/javase/downloads/index.jsp
Location Of Online Examples
For This Section
 Course website:
 www.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/~tamj/219/examples/intro

 UNIX directory:
 /home/219/examples/intro
Smallest Compilable And
Executable Java Program
The name of the online example is: Smallest.java
(Important note: file name matches the word after the
keyword ‘class’)

public class Smallest

{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
}
}
 Creating, Compiling And Running Java
Programs On The Computer Science
Network
Java program Type it in with the text editor of your choice

filename.java
(Unix file)

Java compiler
javac
Java byte code
filename.class
To compile the program at the (UNIX file)
command line type "javac
filename.java"
Java Interpreter
jav
a
To run the interpreter, at
the command line type
"java filename"
 Compiling The Smallest Java
Program
Smallest.java
public class Smallest
Type “javac
{ Smallest.java”
public static void main (String[] args)
{
}
}

javac
Smallest.class
(Java byte code)
10000100000001000
00100100000001001
: :
 Running The Smallest Java
Program
Smallest.class
(Java byte code)
10000100000001000
00100100000001001
: :

java

Type “java Smallest” (Platform/Operating specific binary

10100111000001000
00100111001111001
: :
Running The Java Compiler
At Home
 After installing Java you will need to indicate to the
operating system where the java compiler has been
installed (‘setting the path’).
 For details of how to set your path variable for your
particular operating system try the Sun or Java
website.
 Example of how to set the path in Windows:
 http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4.2/install-windows.html (see
step 5)
Documentation / Comments

Multi-line documentation
/* Start of documentation
*/ End of documentation

Documentation for a single line

//Everything until the end of the line is a comment
Review: What Should You
Document
 Program (or that portion of the program) author
 What does the program as a while do e.g., tax program.
 What are the specific features of the program e.g., it
calculates personal or small business tax.
 What are it’s limitations e.g., it only follows Canadian tax
laws and cannot be used in the US. In Canada it doesn’t
calculate taxes for organizations with yearly gross
earnings over $1 billion.
 What is the version of the program
 If you don’t use numbers for the different versions of your
program then consider using dates (tie versions with program
features).
 Important Note
 Each Java instruction must be followed by a semi-
colon!
General format Examples
Instruction1; int num = 0;
Instruction2; System.out.println(num);
Instruction3; : :
: :
 Java Output
Format:
System.out.print(<string or variable name one> + <string or variable name two>..);
OR
System.out.println(<string or variable name one> + <string or variable name two>..);

Examples (online program called “OutputExample1.java”)

public class OutputExample1

{
public static void main (String [] args)
{
int num = 123; // More on this shortly
System.out.println("Good-night gracie!");
System.out.print(num);
System.out.println("num="+num);
}
}
Output : Some Escape Sequences For
Formatting
Escape sequence Description

\t Horizontal tab

\r Carriage return

\n New line

\” Double quote

\\ Backslash
Example Formatting Codes

 Name of the online example: FormattingExample.java

public class FormattingExample

{
public static void main (String [] args)
{
System.out.print("lol\tz\n");
System.out.println("hello\rworld");
System.out.println("\"Geek\" talk slash (\\) com");
}
}
Variables

 Unlike Python variables must be declared before they

can be used.
 Variable declaration:
 Creates a variable in memory.
 Specify the name of the variable as well as the type of
information that it will store.
 E.g. int num;
 Although requiring variables to be explicitly declared
appears to be an unnecessary chore it can actually be
useful for minimizing insidious logic errors.
 Using variables
 Only after a variable has been declared can it be used.
 E.g., num = 12;
Declaring Variables: Syntax

 Format:
<type of information> <name of variable>;

 Example:
char myFirstInitial;

 Variables can be initialized (set to a starting value) as

they’re declared:
char myFirstInitial = ‘j’;
int age = 30;
 Some Built-In Types Of
Variables
Type In Java
Description
byte 8 bit signed integer

short 16 but signed integer

int 32 bit signed integer

long 64 bit signed integer

float 32 bit signed real number

double 64 bit signed real number

char 16 bit Unicode character (ASCII and

beyond)
boolean 1 bit true or false value

String A sequence of characters between double

quotes ("")
Location Of Variable
Declarations
public class <name of class>
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
// Local variable declarations occur here

<< Program statements >>

: :

}
}
Style Hint: Initializing
Variables
 Always initialize your variables prior to using them!
 Do this whether it is syntactically required or not.
 Example how not to approach:

public class OutputExample1

{
public static void main (String [] args)
{
int num;
System.out.print(num);
}
} OutputExample1.java:7: error: variable
num might not have been initialized
System.out.print(num);
^
Java Constants

Reminder: constants are like variables in that they have a

name and store a certain type of information but unlike
variables they CANNOT change. (Unlike Python this is
syntactically enforced…hurrah!).

Format:
final <constant type> <CONSTANT NAME> = <value>;

Example:
final int SIZE = 100;
Location Of Constant
Declarations
public class <name of class>
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
// Local constant declarations occur here (more later)
// Local variable declarations

< Program statements >>

: :

}
}
Why Use Constants?

1. They make your program easier to read and

understand

populationChange = (0.1758 – 0.1257) * currentPopulation;

Vs.
final float BIRTH_RATE = 17.58;
final float MORTALITY_RATE = 0.1257;
int currentPopulation = 1000000;
populationChange = (BIRTH_RATE - MORTALITY_RATE) *
currentPopulation;
Why Use Constants? (2)

2. It can make your program easier to maintain (update

with changes).
 If the constant is referred to several times throughout the
program, changing the value of the constant once will
change it throughout the program.
Why Use Constants? (3)

final float BIRTH_RATE = 0.1758;

final float MORTALITY_RATE = 0.1257;
float populationChange = 0;
float currentPopulation = 1000000;
populationChange = (BIRTH_RATE - MORTALITY_RATE) * currentPopulation;
if (populationChange > 0)
System.out.println("Increase“)
System.out.println("Birth rate:“+ BIRTH_RATE + " Mortality rate:“ +
MORTALITY_RATE, " + Population change:“ + populationChange);
else if (populationChange < 0)
System.out.println("Decrease“);
System.out.println("Birth rate:“+BIRTH_RATE, “+Mortality rate:“+ MORTALITY_RATE
+"Population change:“+populationChange);
else
System.out.print("No change“);
System.out.print("Birth rate:“+BIRTH_RATE, “+Mortality rate:“+ MORTALITY_RATE+
"Population change:“+populationChange);
 One change in the
initialization of the
Why Use Constants? (4) constant changes all
references to that
constant.

final float BIRTH_RATE = 0.5;

final float MORTALITY_RATE = 0.1257;
float populationChange = 0;
float currentPopulation = 1000000;
populationChange = (BIRTH_RATE - MORTALITY_RATE) * currentPopulation;
if (populationChange > 0)
System.out.println("Increase“)
System.out.println("Birth rate:“+ BIRTH_RATE + " Mortality rate:“ +
MORTALITY_RATE, " + Population change:“ + populationChange);
else if (populationChange < 0)
System.out.println("Decrease“);
System.out.println("Birth rate:“+BIRTH_RATE, “+Mortality rate:“+ MORTALITY_RATE
+"Population change:“+populationChange);
else
System.out.print("No change“);
System.out.print("Birth rate:“+BIRTH_RATE, “+Mortality rate:“+ MORTALITY_RATE+
"Population change:“+populationChange);
Variable Naming
Conventions In Java
 Compiler requirements
 Can’t be a keyword nor can the names of the special constants: true, false
or null be used
 Can be any combination of letters, numbers, underscore or dollar sign (first
character must be a letter or underscore)

 Common stylistic conventions

 The name should describe the purpose of the variable
 Avoid using the dollar sign
 With single word variable names, all characters are lower case
e.g., double grades;
 Multiple words are separated by capitalizing the first letter of each word
except for the first word
e.g., String firstName = “James”;
 Java Keywords

abstract boolean break byte case catch char

class const continue default do double else

extends final finally float for goto if

implements import instanceof int interface long native

new package private protected public return short

static super switch synchronized this throw throws

transient try void volatile while

Common Java Operators / Operator
Precedence
Precedence Operator Description Associativity
level

1 expression++ Post-increment Right to left

expression-- Post-decrement

2 ++expression Pre-increment Right to left

--expression Pre-decrement
+ Unary plus
- Unary minus
! Logical negation
~ Bitwise complement
(type) Cast
Common Java Operators / Operator
Precedence
Precedence Operator Description Associativity
level

3 * Multiplication Left to right

/ Division
% Remainder/modulus
4 + Addition or String Left to right
concatenation
- Subtraction
5 << Left bitwise shift Left to right
>> Right bitwise shift
Common Java Operators / Operator
Precedence
Precedence Operator Description Associativity
level

6 < Less than Left to right

<= Less than, equal to
> Greater than
>= Greater than, equal to
7 == Equal to Left to right
!= Not equal to
8 & Bitwise AND Left to right

9 ^ Bitwise exclusive OR Left to right

Common Java Operators / Operator
Precedence
Precedence Operator Description Associativity
level
10 | Bitwise OR Left to right

11 && Logical AND Left to right

12 || Logical OR Left to right

Common Java Operators / Operator
Precedence
Precedence Operator Description Associativity
level

13 = Assignment Right to left

+= Add, assignment
-= Subtract, assignment
*= Multiply, assignment
/= Division, assignment
%= Remainder, assignment
&= Bitwise AND, assignment
^= Bitwise XOR, assignment
|= Bitwise OR, assignment
<<= Left shift, assignment
>>= Right shift, assignment
Post/Pre Operators

The name of the online example is: Order1.java

public class Order1

{
public static void main (String [] args)
{
int num = 5;
System.out.println(num);
num++;
System.out.println(num);
++num;
System.out.println(num);
System.out.println(++num);
System.out.println(num++);
}
}
Post/Pre Operators (2)

The name of the online example is: Order2.java

public class Order2

{
public static void main (String [] args)
{
int num1;
int num2;
num1 = 5;
num2 = ++num1 * num1++;
System.out.println("num1=" + num1);
System.out.println("num2=" + num2);
}
}
Unary
Operator/Order/Associativity
The name of the online example: Unary_Order3.java

public class Unary_Order3.java

{
public static void main (String [] args)
{
int num = 5;
float fl;
System.out.println(num);
num = num * -num;
System.out.println(num);
}
}
Accessing Pre-Created Java
Libraries
 It’s accomplished by placing an ‘import’ of the
appropriate library at the top of your program.
 Syntax:
import <Full library name>;

 Example:
import java.util.Scanner;
 Getting Text Input

 You can use the pre-written methods (functions) in the

Scanner class.
import java.util.Scanner;
Creating a
 General structure: scanner object
main (String [] args) (something
that can scan
{
user input)
Scanner <name of scanner> = new Scanner (System.in);
<variable> = <name of scanner> .<method> ();
}

Using the capability of

the scanner object
(actually getting user
input)
Getting Text Input (2)
The name of the online example: MyInput.java

import java.util.Scanner;

public class MyInput

{
public static void main (String [] args)
{
String str1;
int num1;
Scanner in = new Scanner (System.in);
System.out.print ("Type in an integer: ");
num1 = in.nextInt ();
System.out.print ("Type in a line: ");
in.nextLine ();
str1 = in.nextLine ();
System.out.println ("num1:" +num1 +"\t str1:" + str1);
}
}
 Useful Methods Of Class
Scanner1
 nextInt ()
 nextLong ()
 nextFloat ()
 nextDouble ()
 nextLine ();

1 Online documentation: http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/

Reading A Single Character

 Text menu driven programs may require this capability.

 Example:
GAME OPTIONS
(a)dd a new player
(l)oad a saved game
(s)ave game
(q)uit game
 There’s different ways of handling this problem but one approach
is to extract the first character from the string.
 Partial example:
String s = "boo“;
System.out.println(s.charAt(0));
 Reading A Single Character
 Name of the (more complete example): MyInputChar.java

import java.util.Scanner;
public class MyInputChar
{
public static void main (String [] args)
{
final int FIRST = 0;
String selection;
Scanner in = new Scanner (System.in);
System.out.println("GAME OPTIONS");
System.out.println("(a)dd a new player");
System.out.println("(l)oad a saved game");
System.out.println("(s)ave game");
System.out.println("(q)uit game");
System.out.print("Enter your selection: ");
 Reading A Single Character
(2)
selection = in.nextLine ();
System.out.println ("Selection: " + selection.charAt(FIRST));
}
}
Decision Making In Java

 Java decision making constructs

 if
 if, else
 if, else-if
 switch
Decision Making: Logical Operators

Logical Operation Python Java

AND and &&

OR or ||

NOT not, ! !
Decision Making: If
• Indenting the body of
the branch is an
important stylistic
Format: requirement of Java
if (Boolean Expression) but unlike Python it is
Body not enforced by the
syntax of the
language.
Example:
if (x != y) • What distinguishes the
body is either:
System.out.println("X and Y are not equal");
1.A semi colon (single
if ((x > 0) && (y > 0)) statement branch)
{ 2.Braces (a body that
System.out.println("X and Y are positive"); consists of multiple
statements)
}
Decision Making: If, Else

Format:
if (Boolean expression)
Body of if
else
Body of else

Example:
if (x < 0)
System.out.println("X is negative");
else
System.out.println("X is non-negative");
Example Program: If-Else

 Name of the online example: BranchingExample1.java

import java.util.Scanner;

public class BranchingExample1

public static void main (String [] args)

Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);

final int WINNING_NUMBER = 131313;

int playerNumber = -1;

System.out.print("Enter ticket number: ");

playerNumber = in.nextInt();

if (playerNumber == WINNING_NUMBER)

System.out.println("You're a winner!");

else

System.out.println("Try again.");

}
If, Else-If

Format:
if (Boolean expression)
Body of if
else if (Boolean expression)
Body of first else-if
: : :
else if (Boolean expression)
Body of last else-if
else
Body of else
If, Else-If (2)

Name of the online example: BranchingExample.java

import java.util.Scanner;

public class BranchingExample2

{
public static void main (String [] args)
{
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
int gpa = -1;
System.out.print("Enter letter grade: ");
gpa = in.nextInt();
If, Else-If (3)

if (gpa == 4)
System.out.println("A");
else if (gpa == 3)
System.out.println("B");
else if (gpa == 2)
System.out.println("C");
else if (gpa == 1)
System.out.println("D");
else if (gpa == 0)
System.out.println("F");
else
System.out.println("Invalid letter grade");
}
}
 Branching: Common
Mistakes
 Recall that for single bodies: what lies between the closing bracket of
the Boolean expression and the next semi-colon is the body.
if (Boolean Expression)
instruction;
body body

if (Boolean Expression) instruction;

if (Boolean Expression)
body
instruction1;
Instruction2;
Branching: Now What
Happens???
if (Boolean Expression):
instruction1;
instruction2;
 Alternative To Multiple Else-
If’s: Switch
Format (character-based switch):
switch (character variable name)
{ Important! The break is
case '<character value>': mandatory to separate
Body Boolean expressions
break; (must be used in all but
the last)
case '<character value>':
Body
break;
:
default:
Body
}

1 The type of variable in the brackets can be a byte, char, short, int or long
 Alternative To Multiple Else-
If’s:based
Format (integer Switch
switch): (2)
switch (integer variable name)
{
case <integer value>:
Body
break;

case <integer value>:

Body
break;
:
default:
Body
}

1 The type of variable in the brackets can be a byte, char, short, int or long
Switch: When To Use/When
Not To Use
 Benefit (when to use):
 It may produce simpler code than using an if-elseif (e.g.,
if there are multiple compound conditions)
Switch: When To Use/When
Not To Use (2)
 Name of the online example: SwitchExample.java

import java.util.Scanner;

public class SwitchExample

{
public static void main (String [] args)
{
final int FIRST = 0;
String line;
char letter;
int gpa;
Scanner in = new Scanner (System.in);
System.out.print("Enter letter grade: ");
Switch: When To Use/When
Not To Use (3)
line = in.nextLine ();
letter = line.charAt(FIRST);
switch (letter)
{
case 'A':
case 'a':
gpa = 4;
break;

case 'B':
case 'b':
gpa = 3;
break;

case 'C':
case 'c':
gpa = 2;
break;
Switch: When To Use/When
Not To Use (4)
case 'D':
case 'd':
gpa = 1;
break;

case 'F':
case 'f':
gpa = 0;
break;

default:
gpa = -1;

}
System.out.println("Letter grade: " + letter);
System.out.println("Grade point: " + gpa);
}
}
Switch: When To Use/When
Not To Use (5)
 When a switch can’t be used:
 For data types other than characters or integers

 Boolean expressions that aren’t mutually exclusive:

 As shown a switch can replace an ‘if-elseif’ construct

 A switch cannot replace a series of ‘if’ branches).

 Example when not to use a switch:

if (x > 0)

System.out.print(“X coordinate right of the origin”);

If (y > 0)

System.out.print(“Y coordinate above the origin”);

 Example of when not to use a switch:

String name = in.readLine()

switch (name)

}
Switch Example: Modified

 What happens if all the ‘break’ instructions have been

removed?
Loops

Python loops
• Pre-test loops: for, while
Java Pre-test loops
• For
• While
Java Post-test loop
• Do-while
While Loops

Format:
while (Boolean expression)
Body

Example:
int i = 1;
while (i <= 4)
{
// Call function
createNewPlayer();
i = i + 1;
}
For Loops

Format:
for (initialization; Boolean expression; update control)
Body

Example:
for (i = 1; i <= 4; i++)
{
// Call function
createNewPlayer();
i = i + 1;
}
Post-Test Loop: Do-While

 Recall: Post-test loops evaluate the Boolean

expression after the body of the loop has executed.
 This means that post test loops will execute one or
more times.
 Pre-test loops generally execute zero or more times.
Do-While Loops

Format:
do
Body
while (Boolean expression);

Example:
char ch = 'A';
do
{
System.out.println(ch);
ch++;
}
while (ch <= 'K');
Contrasting Pre Vs. Post Test
Loops
 Although slightly more work to implement the while
loop is the most powerful type of loop.
 Program capabilities that are implemented with either
a ‘for’ or ‘do-while’ loop can be implemented with a
while loop.
 Implementing a post test loop requires that the loop
control be primed correctly (set to a value such that
the Boolean expression will evaluate to true the first it’s
checked).
Example: Post-Test
Implementation
 Name of the online example: PostTestExample.java

public class PostTestExample

public static void main (String [] args)

final int FIRST = 0;

Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);

char answer;

String temp;

do

System.out.println("JT's note: Pretend that we play our game");

System.out.print("Play again? Enter 'q' to quit: ");

temp = in.nextLine();

answer = temp.charAt(FIRST);

} while ((answer != 'q') && (answer != 'Q'));

}

Example: Pre-Test
Name of the online example: PreTestExample.java
Implementation
public class PreTestExample
{
public static void main (String [] args)
{
final int FIRST = 0;
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
char answer = ' ';
String temp;
while ((answer != 'q') && (answer != 'Q'))
{
System.out.println("JT's note: Pretend that we play our game");
System.out.print("Play again? Enter 'q' to quit: ");
temp = in.nextLine();
answer = temp.charAt(FIRST);
}
}
}
Now What Happens???

import java.util.Scanner;

public class PreTestExample

{
public static void main (String [] args)
{
final int FIRST = 0;
Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
char answer = ' ';
String temp;
while ((answer != 'q') && (answer != 'Q'))
System.out.println("JT's note: Pretend that we play our game");
System.out.print("Play again? Enter 'q' to quit: ");
temp = in.nextLine();
answer = temp.charAt(FIRST);
}
}
Many Pre-Created Classes
Have Been Created
 Rule of thumb: Before writing new program code to
implement the features of your program you should
check to see if a class has already been written with
the features that you need.
 The Java API is Sun Microsystems's collection of pre-
built Java classes:
 http://java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/api/
After This Section You Should
Now Know
 How Java was developed and the impact of it's roots
on the language
 The basic structure required in creating a simple Java
program as well as how to compile and run programs
 How to document a Java program
 How to perform text based input and output in Java
 The declaration of constants and variables
 What are the common Java operators and how they
work
 The structure and syntax of decision making and
looping constructs