Variables, Data types,

sizes and constants L6 – L9

 Objectives
• To learn and appreciate
− Variable Names
− Data Types and Sizes
− Constants
− Declarations
− Arithmetic Operators
− Relational and Logical Operators
− Type conversions
− Increment and Decrement Operators
− Bitwise Operators
− Assignment Operators and Conditional Expressions
− Precedence and Order of Evaluation

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Session outcome
• At the end of session student will be able to learn and
understand
− Variable Names
− Data Types and Sizes
− Constants
− Declarations
− Arithmetic Operators
− Relational and Logical Operators
− Type conversions
− Increment and Decrement Operators
− Bitwise Operators
− Assignment Operators and Conditional Expressions
− Precedence and Order of Evaluation

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 C Character set
Character set is a set of valid characters that a language can
recognize.
C character set consists of letters, digits, special characters,
white spaces.

(i) Letters  ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’,………..’z’ Or ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’,……….’Z’

(ii) Digits  0, 1, 2,……………………9
(iii)Special characters  ;, ?, >, <, &,{, }, [, ]……
(iv)White spaces  New line (\n), Tab(\t), Vertical Tab(\v) e.t.c

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 C Tokens
 A token is a group of characters that logically belong together.

 The programmer writes a program by using tokens.

 C uses the following types of tokens.

break Variable + “hello” 124 ;

int
Constant
* “123” 21.3 ?
Function name
float Array name % “s” ‘A’ >
… … … … ‘9’ &
“hello” {
… }

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 Keywords

These are some reserved words in C which have predefined

meaning to compiler called keywords.

Keywords are not to be used as variable and constant names.

All keywords have fixed meanings and these meanings cannot be

changed.

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 Compiler specific keywords

Some commonly used keywords are given below:

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 Variables
Variables are data storage locations in the
computer’s memory.

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 Variables
• Variables are the symbolic names for storing computational data.

• Variable: a symbolic name for a memory location

• In C variables have to be declared before they are used

Ex: int x

• A variable may take different values at different times during

execution.

• Declarations reserve storage for the variable.

• Value is assigned to the variable by initialization or assignment

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 Variable declarations

Data type Variable name

Which data types Which variable names

are possible in C ? are allowed in C ?

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 Variable Names- Identifiers

 Symbolic names can be used in C for various data items used

by a programmer.

 A symbolic name is generally known as an identifier. An

identifier is a name for a variable, constant, function, etc.

 The identifier is a sequence of characters taken from C

character set.

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 Variable names

Rules for valid variable names (identifiers) :

• Name must begin with a letter or underscore ( _ ) and can be followed by
any combination of letters, underscores, or digits.

• Key words cannot be used as a variable name.

• C is case-sensitive: sum, Sum, and SUM each refer to a different variable.

• Variable names can be as long as you want, although only the first 63 (or
31) characters might be significant.

• Choice of meaningful variable names can increase the readability of a

program

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 Variable names

• Examples of valid variable names:

1) Sum
2) _difference
3) a
4) J5x7
5) Number_of_moves

• Examples of invalid variable names:

1) sum$value
2) 3val
3) int

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 Declaring variables
• C imposes to declare variables before their usage.

• Advantages of variable declarations:

• Putting all the variables in one place makes it easier for a reader to
understand the program.

• Thinking about which variables to declare encourages the programmer to

do some planning before writing a program.

• The obligation to declare all variables helps prevent bugs of misspelled

variable names.

• Compiler knows the amount of memory needed for storing the variable.

• Compiler can verify that operations done on a variable are allowed by its
type.
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 Primary (built-in or Basic)Data types

INTEGER CHARACTER

SIGNED TYPE UNSIGNED TYPE

INT UNSIGNED INT SIGNED CHARACTER
SHORT INT UNSIGNED SHORT INT UNSIGNED CHARACTER
LONG INT UNSIGNED LONG INT

FLOATING POINT TYPE VOID

FLOATING POINT TYPE
FLOAT VOID
DOUBLE
LONG DOUBLE

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 Data types
Basic data types: int, float, double, char, and void.
int: can be used to store integer numbers (values with no
decimal places).

float: can be used for storing floating-point numbers (values

containing decimal places).

double: the same as type float, and roughly twice the size of
float.

char: can be used to store a single character, such as the letter

a, the digit character 6, or a semicolon.

 void: is used to denote nothing or empty.

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 Variables - Examples

int a; // declaring a variable of type int

int sum, a1, a2; // declaring 3 variables

int x = 7; // declaring and initializing a variable

a = 5; // assigning to variable a the value 5

a1 = a; // assigning to variable a1 the value of a

L-value R-value

a1=a1+1; // assigning to variable a1 the value of a1+1

// (increasing value of a1 with 1)

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 Integer Types

The basic integer type is int

 The size of an int depends on the machine and on PCs it is normally 16 or 32 or
64 bits.

 modifiers (type specifiers)

 short: typically uses less bits
 long: typically uses more bits
 Signed: both negative and positive numbers
 Unsigned: only positive numbers

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 SIZE AND RANGE OF VALUES FOR A 16-BIT
MACHINE (INTEGER TYPE)

Type Size Range

short int or
signed short int 8 -128 to 127
short
unsigned int
8 0 to 255

int or signed int 16 -32,768 to 32,767

Integer
unsigned int 16 0 to 65,535
long int or -2,147,483,648 to
signed long int 32
Long 2,147,483,647
unsigned long int 32 0 to 4,294,967,295

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 The character type char

• A char variable can be used to store a single character.

• A character constant is formed by enclosing the character within a pair

of single quotation marks. Valid examples: 'a’ .

• Character zero ( ‘0’ ) is not the same as the number (integer constant) 0.

• The character constant ‘\n’—the newline character—is a valid character

constant. It is called as an escape character.

• There are other escape sequences like, \t for tab, \v for vertical tab, \n
for new line etc.

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 Character Types
Character type char is related to the integer type.

Modifiers(type specifiers) unsigned and signed can be used

 char 1 byte (-128 to 127)
 signed char 1 byte (-128 to 127)
 unsigned char 1 byte (0 to 255)

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange ) is the dominant

encoding scheme for characters.
 Examples
 ' ' encoded as 32 '+' encoded as 43
 'A' encoded as 65 …………………….'Z' encoded as 90
 'a' encoded as 97 ……………………. 'z' encoded as 122
 ‘0’ encoded as 48 ……………………..’9’ encoded as 57

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 Assigning values to char
char letter; /* declare variable letter of type char */

letter = ‘A'; /* OK */
letter = A; /* NO! Compiler thinks A is a variable */
letter = “A"; /* NO! Compiler thinks “A" is a string */
letter = 65; /* ok because characters are internally stored
as numeric values (ASCII code) */

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 Floating-Point Types
Floating-point types represent real numbers
 Integer part
 Fractional part

The number 108.1517 breaks down into the following parts

 108 - integer part
 1517 - fractional part

Floating-point constants can also be expressed in scientific notation. The

value 1.7e4 represents the value 1.7 × 104.

The value before the letter e is known as the mantissa, whereas the value
that follows e is called the exponent.

There are three floating-point type specifiers

 float
 double
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 SIZE AND RANGE OF VALUES FOR 16-BIT MACHINE
(FLOATING POINT TYPE)

Type Size

32 bits
Single Precision Float
4 bytes

64 bits
Double Precision double 8 bytes

Long Double 80 bits

long double
Precision 10 bytes

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 void
2 uses of void are
To specify the return type of a function when it is not
returning any value.
To indicate an empty argument list to a function.

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 Best Practices for Programming
Naming Variables According to Standards
Prefix Data Type Example

i int and unsigned int iTotalMarks

f float fAverageMarks
d double dSalary
l long and unsigned long lFactorial
c signed char and unsigned char cChoice
ai Array of integers aiStudentId
af Array of float afQuantity
ad Array of double adAmount
al Array of long integers alSample
ac Array of characters acEmpName
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 Example: Using data types
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int integerVar = 100;
float floatingVar = 331.79;
double doubleVar = 144368.4411;
char charVar = 'W';
printf(“%d\n”, integerVar);
printf(“%f\n”,floatingVar);
printf(“%g\n”,doubleVar);
printf(“%c\n”,charVar);
return 0;
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} CSE 1001 Department of CSE 28
 Operators
•The different operators are:
•Arithmetic
•Relational
•Logical
•Increment and Decrement
•Bitwise
•Assignment
•Conditional

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 Arithmetic Operators
• The binary arithmetic operators are +, -, *, / and the
modulus operator %.
• The / operator when used with integers truncates any
fractional part i.e. E.g. 5/2 = 2 and not 2.5
• Therefore % operator produces the remainder when 5
is divided by 2 i.e. 1
• The % operator cannot be applied to float or double
• E.g. x % y wherein % is the operator and x, y are
operands

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 The unary minus operator

#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int a = 25;
int b = -2;
printf(“%d\n”,-a);
printf(“%d\n”,-b);
return 0;
}

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 Working with arithmetic expressions
• Basic arithmetic operators: +, -, *, /, %
• Precedence: One operator can have a higher priority, or precedence, over another
operator. The operators within C are grouped hierarchically according to their
precedence (i.e., order of evaluation)
Operations with a higher precedence are carried out before operations having
a lower precedence.
High priority operators * / % …
Low priority operators + - …
• Example: * has a higher precedence than +
a + b * c  a+(b*c)
If necessary, you can always use parentheses in an expression to force the
terms to be evaluated in any desired order.
• Associativity: Expressions containing operators of the same precedence are
evaluated either from left to right or from right to left, depending on the operator.
This is known as the associative property of an operator
• Example: + has a left to right associativity
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CSE 1001
above, associativity is “left to right”. 32
Department of CSE
 Working with arithmetic expressions
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int a = 100;
int b = 2;
int c = 25;
int d = 4;
int result;
result = a * b + c * d; //Precedence
printf(“%d\n”,result);
result = a = (b + c * d);//Associativity
printf(“%d\n”,result);
return 0;
}
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 Relational operators
Operator Meaning
== Is equal to

!= Is not equal to

< Is less than

<= Is less or equal

> Is greater than

>= Is greater or equal

The relational operators have lower precedence than all

arithmetic operators:
a < b + c is evaluated as a < (b + c)

ATTENTION !
the “is equal to” operator == and the “assignment” operator =

ATTENTION !
When comparing floating-point values, Only < and >
comparisons make sense !
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 Relational operators
 An expression such as a < b containing a relational operator is called a
relational expression.

 The value of a relational expression is one, if the specified relation is true and
zero if the relation is false.
E.g.:
10 < 20 is TRUE
20 < 10 is FALSE
 A simple relational expression contains only one relational operator and takes
the following form.

ae1 relational operator ae2

ae1 & ae2 are arithmetic expressions, which may be simple

constants, variables or combinations of them.
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 Relational operators
The arithmetic expressions will be evaluated first & then the results
will be compared. That is, arithmetic operators have a higher priority
over relational operators. > >= < <= all have the same precedence
and below them are the next precedence equality operators i.e. == and
!=
Suppose that i, j and k are integer variables whose
values are 1, 2 and 3 respectively.
Expression Interpretation Value
i<j true 1
(i+j)>=k true 1
(j+k)>(i+5) false 0
k!=3 false 0
true 1
j==2

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 Logical operators
Truth Table
op-1 op-2 value of expression
op-1&&op-2 op-1||op-2
Non-zero Non-zero 1 1
Non-zero 0 0 1
0 Non-zero 0 1
0 0 0 0

Operator Symbol Example

AND && expression1 && expression2
OR || expression1 || expression2
NOT ! !expression1

The result of logical operators is always either 0 (FALSE) or 1 (TRUE)

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 Logical operators
Expressions Evaluates As

(5 == 5)&&(6 != 2) True (1) because both operands are true

(5 > 1) || (6 < 1) True (1) because one operand is true

(2 == 1)&&(5 ==5) False (0) because one operand is false

! (5 == 4) True (1) because the operand is false

!(FALSE) = TRUE
!(TRUE) = FALSE

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 Increment and Decrement operators (++ and -- )
The operator ++ adds 1 to the operand.

The operator -- subtracts 1 from the operand.

Both are unary operators.

Ex: ++i or i++ is equivalent to i=i+1

They behave differently when they are used in

expressions on the R.H.S of an assignment statement.
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 Increment and Decrement operators
Ex:
m=5;
y=++m; Prefix Mode

In this case, the value of y and m would be 6.

m=5;
y=m++; Postfix Mode
Here y continues to be 5. Only m changes to 6.

Prefix operator ++ appears before the variable.

Postfix operator ++ appears after the variable.
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 Increment and Decrement operators

Don’ts:
Attempting to use the increment or decrement
operator on an expression other than a modifiable
variable name or reference.

Example:
++(5) is a syntax error

++(x + 1) is a syntax error

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 Bitwise Operators

 Bitwise Logical Operators

 Bitwise Shift Operators
 Ones Complement operator

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 Bitwise Logical operators

 &(AND),|(OR),^(EXOR)
op op
 These are binary operators and & | ^
1 2
require two integer operands.
1 1 1 1 0
 These work on their operands bit 1 0 0 1 1
by bit starting from LSB
(rightmost bit). 0 1 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 0

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 Example
Suppose x = 10, y = 15
z = x & y sets z=10 like this
0000000000001010  x
0000000000001111  y
0000000000001010  z = x & y

Same way |,^ according to the table are computed.

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 Bitwise Shift operators
 << ,>>

 These are used to move bit patterns either to the left or right.

 They are used in the following form

 op<<n or op>>n here op is the operand to be shifted

and n is number of positions to shift.

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 Bitwise Shift operator: <<

 << causes all the bits in the operand op to be shifted to

the left by n positions.

The leftmost n bits in the original bit pattern will be lost

and the rightmost n bits that are vacated are filled with
0’s

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 Bitwise Shift operator: >>

 >> causes all the bits in operand op to be shifted

to the right by n positions.

The rightmost n bits will be lost and the left most

vacated bits are filled with 0’s if number is unsigned
integer

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 Examples
Suppose X is an unsigned integer whose bit pattern is
0000 0000 0000 1011

x<<1 0000 0000 0001 0110 Add ZEROS

x>>1 Add ZEROS 0000 0000 0000 0101

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 Examples
Suppose X is an unsigned integer whose bit pattern is
0000 0000 0000 1011 whose equivalent value in
decimal number system is 11.
x<<3 0000 0000 0101 1000 Add ZEROS = 88
x>>2 Add Z EROS 0000 0000 0000 0010 =2

Note:
x=y<<1; same as x=y*2 (Multiplication)
x=y>>1; same as x=y/2 (Division)

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 Bitwise Shift operators
Op and n can be constants or variables.

There are 2 restrictions on the value of n

n cannot be –ve

n should not be greater than number of bits used

to represent Op.(E.g.: suppose op is int and size is 2 bytes
then n cannot be greater than 16).

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 Bitwise complement operator
The complement operator(~) is an unary
operator and inverts all the bits represented
by its operand.

Suppose x=1001100010001111
~x=0110011101110000 (complement)

Also called as 1’s complement operator.

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 Type Conversions in Expressions
• C permits mixing of constants and variables of different types in
an expression

• C automatically converts any intermediate values to the proper

type so that the expression can be evaluated without losing any
signification

• This automatic conversion is known as implicit type conversion

• The table in the next slide gives the implicit type conversions

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 Type Conversions in Expressions
The following are the sequence of rules that are applied while evaluating
expressions
Lower Type Operands Higher Type Operands
Short or Char int
One operand is Long double, the other will be Result is also long double
converted to long double
One operand is double, the other will be converted to Result is also double
double
One operand is float, the other will be converted to Result is also float
float
One operand is unsigned Long int, the other will be Result is also unsigned long int
converted to unsigned long int

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 Type Conversions in Expressions
Lower Type Operands Higher Type Operands

One operand is Long int, and the other is unsigned int a) Result will be long int
then
a) If unsigned int can be converted to long int the
unsigned int operand will be converted
b) Else both operands will be converted to unsigned b) Result will be unsigned long
long int int
One operand is Long int, the other will be converted Result is also long int
to long int

One operand is unsigned Long int, the other will be Result is also unsigned long int
converted to unsigned long int

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 Type Conversions in Expressions
• The final result of an expression is converted to the type of
the variable on the left of the assignment sign before
assigning the value to it
• However the following changes are introduced during the
final assignment
• Float to int causes truncation of the fractional part
• Double to float caused rounding of digits
• Long int to int causes dropping of the excess higher order
bits

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 Type Conversions in Expressions
• Explicit type conversion
• There are instances when we want to force a type
conversion in a way that is different from the automatic
conversion
E.g ratio=57/67

• Since 57 and 67 are integers in the program , the decimal

part of the result of the division would be lost and ratio
would represent a wrong figure

• This problem can be solved by converting locally as one of

the variables to the floating point as shown below:
ratio= (float) 57/67

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 Type Conversions in Expressions
• The operator (float) converts the 57 to floating point then
using the rule of automatic conversion

• The division is performed in floating point mode, thus

retaining the fractional part of result

• The process of such a local conversion is known as explicit

conversion or casting a value

• The general form of a cast is

• (type-name) expression

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 The Type Cast Operator
int a =150;
float f; f = (float) a / 100; // type cast operator

• The type cast operator has the effect of converting the value of the variable ‘a’ to
type float for the purpose of evaluation of the expression.

• This operator does NOT permanently affect the value of the variable ‘a’;

• The type cast operator has a higher precedence than all the arithmetic operators
except the unary minus and unary plus.

• Examples of the use of type cast operator:

(int) 29.55 + (int) 21.99 results in 29 + 21
(float) 6 / (float) 4 results in 1.5
(float) 6 / 4 results in 1.5
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 Type Conversions in Expressions

Example Action
x=(int) 7.5 7.5 is converted to integer by
truncation
a=(int) 21.3/(int)4.5 Evaluated as 21/4 and the result
would be 5
b=(double)sum/n Division is done in floating point mode
y=(int)(a+b) The result of a+b is converted to
integer
z=(int)a+b a is converted to integer and then
added to b
p=cos((double)x) Converts x to double before using it

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 Integer and Floating-Point Conversions

• Assign an integer value to a floating variable: does not

cause any change in the value of the number; the value is
simply converted by the system and stored in the floating
format.
• Assign a floating-point value to an integer variable: the
decimal portion of the number gets truncated.
• Integer arithmetic (division):
• int divided to int => result is integer division
• int divided to float or float divided to int => result is real
division (floating-point)

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 Integer and Floating-Point Conversions
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{ float f1 = 123.125, f2;
int i1, i2 = -150;
i1 = f1; // float to integer conversion
print(“float assigned to int produces”);
print(“%d\n”,i1);
f2 = i2; // integer to float conversion
print(“integer assigned to float produces”);
123
print(“%d\n”,f2);
print(“integer assigned to float produces”); -150.0
print(“%f\n”,f2);
i1 = i2 / 100; // integer divided by integer
print(“integer divided by 100 produces”); -1
print(“%d\n”,i1);
f1 = i2 / 100.0; // integer divided by a float
print(“integer divided by 100.0 produces”);
-1.5
print(“%d\n”,f1);
return 0;
}
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 The assignment operators
• The C language permits you to join the arithmetic operators
with the assignment operator using the following general
format: op=, where op is an arithmetic operator, including +,
–, *, /, and %.

• Example:
count += 10;
• Equivalent to:
count=count+10;

• Example: precedence of op=:

a /= b + c
• Equivalent to:
a = a / (b + c)
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 The conditional operator (? :)

condition ? expression1 : expression2

• condition is an expression that is evaluated first.

• If the result of the evaluation of condition is TRUE (nonzero), then
expression1 is evaluated and the result of the evaluation becomes the
result of the operation.
• If condition is FALSE (zero), then expression2 is evaluated and its result
becomes the result of the operation.
maxValue = ( a > b ) ? a : b;

Equivalent to:

if ( a > b )
maxValue = a;
else
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 Comma (,)operator
 The coma operator is used basically to separate expressions.
i = 0, j = 10; // in initialization [ l  r ]

 The meaning of the comma operator in the general

expression e1, e2 is
“evaluate the sub expression e1, then evaluate e2; the
value of the expression is the value of e2”.

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 Operator precedence & Associativity

Operator Category Operators Associativity

Unary operators + – ++ –– ~! R→L
Arithmetic operators */% L→R
Arithmetic operators +– L→R
Bitwise shift left << >> LR
Bitwise shift right
Relational operators < <= > >= L→R
Equality operators == != L→R
Bitwise AND, XOR, OR &^| L→R
Logical and && L→R
Logical or || L→R
Assignment operator = += – = R→L
*= /= %=

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 Summary of Operators

Detailed
Precedence
Table

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 Example:
Show all the steps how the following expression is evaluated. Consider
the initial values of i=8, j=5.

2*((i/5)+(4*(j-3))%(i+j-2))

67
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 Example solution:

2*((i/5)+(4*(j-3))%(i+j-2)) i8, j5

2*((8/5)+(4*(5-3))%(8+5-2))
2*(1+(4*2)%11)
2*(1+8%11)
2*(1+8)
2*9
18

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 Operator precedence & Associativity
Ex: (x==10 + 15 && y < 10)
Assume x=20 and y=5

Evaluation:
+ (x==25 && y< 10)
< (x==25 && true)
== (False && true)
&& (False)

8/28/2019 CSE 1001 Department of CSE 69

 Tutorial Problems
• Suppose that a=2, b=3 and c=6, What is the answer for the following: (a==5)
(a * b > =c)
(b+4 > a *c)
((b=2)==a)
• Evaluate the following:
1. ( (5 == 5) && (3 > 6) )
2. ( (5 == 5) || (3 > 6) )
3. 7==5 ? 4 : 3
4. 7==5+2 ? 4 : 3
5. 5>3 ? a : b
6. K = (num > 5 ? (num <= 10 ? 100 : 200) : 500); where num =30
• In b=6.6/a+(2*a+(3*c)/a*d)/(2/n); which operation will be performed first.
• If a is an integer variable, a=5/2; will return a value
• The expression, a=7/22*(3.14+2)*3/5; evaluates to
• If a is an Integer, the expression a = 30 * 1000 + 2768; evaluates to

CSE 1001 Department of CSE 8/28/2019 70

 Summary
• We have learnt about
− Variable Names
− Data Types and Sizes
− Constants
− Declarations
− Arithmetic Operators
− Relational and Logical Operators
− Type conversions
− Increment and Decrement Operators
− Bitwise Operators
− Assignment Operators and Conditional Expressions
− Precedence and Order of Evaluation
8/28/2019 CSE 1001 Department of CSE 71