Guide Questions:

 Why group?
 What advantages does grouping of objects have in real-life
situations?
Guide Questions:

 What is MRF? What do you think are its functions?

 Why do we need to have an MRF?
 How can our lives affected if we continue to ignore the
establishment of a functional MRF?
 What are the procedures being undertaken in an MRF?
 What is sorting? What are the bases in sorting materials?
S ET S
 GEORG CANTOR
 He was a Russian-born German
mathematician who created
set theory.
 He introduced sets as a useful way to
deal with infinite quantities.
 According to him, it is a mathematical theory that deals
with the properties of well-defined collection of objects.
S ET S
• A well-defined collection of objects called elements or
members.
• The elements can be listed within the braces { }. It is usually
written in lowercase letters such as a, b, c, ...
• No repetition of elements in a set.
• Usually named by a capital letter such as A, B, C, ...
Examples:
a. The set of days of the week that begin with the letter T
b. The set of Philippine presidents in the last 20 years
c. {couch, coffee table, TV rack}
d. {a, e, i, o, u}
e. {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, …}

Sets that are not well-defined:

a. The set of young people in the audience
b. The set of popular laptop brands
c. The set of tall buildings
d. The set of cool colors
e. The set of big numbers.
PRACTICE EXAMPLES

Identify the well-defined sets among the following:

a. The set of odd numbers between 22 and 32
b. The set of award-winning actors
c. The set of zoo animals that are medium sized
d. The set of middle-aged voters in the community
e. The set of grade 7 students in La Consolacion College, Liloan, Cebu, Inc. who are
160 centimeters tall.
SET NOTATION
 The symbol ∈ is used to denote “belongs to” or “is an element
of” a particular set.
 If an object is not an element of a set, we use the symbol ∈.
Example:
If set A is the set of colors in the Philippine flag: {yellow, white,
blue, red}
 yellow ∈ A and white ∈ A
green ∈ A and orange ∈ A
2 METHODS TO DESCRIBE A SET
1. Roster Method (Tabular Notation)
• The elements of the set are listed; they are enclosed in braces and separated from one
another by commas.
2. Rule Method (Set-Builder Notation)
• The specific property that each element must satisfy is stated.
Example:
If set A is the set of colors in the Philippine flag: {yellow, white, blue, red}
Roster Method: A = {yellow, white, blue, red}
Rule Method : A = {x | x is a color in the Philippine flag}
where x represents an element of the set, and the vertical bar “|” is read as
“such that”.
PRACTICE EXAMPLES
Specify each set using both the roster and rule method.
1. If set B is the set of letters in the English alphabet.
2. If set C is the set of even numbers.
3. If set D is the set days of the week.
Answers:
1. Roster Method: B = {a, b, c, …, x, y, z}
Rule Method: B = {x | x is a letter in the English Alphabet}
2. Roster Method: C = {2, 4, 6, 8, …}
Rule Method: C = {x | x is an even number}
3. Roster method: D = {Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday}
Rule Method: D = {x | x is a day of the week}
CARDINALITY OF A SET
 The cardinality of a set refers to the number of elements it contains.
 The cardinality of a set is denoted using the symbols n(A) or |A|.
Example:
Find the cardinality of the following sets.
1. A = {23, 25, 27, 29, 31}
n(A) = 5
2. X = {1, 2, 3, …, 10}
n(X) = 10
3. W = {-1, -2, -3, -4, …}
n(W) = infinite
4. Y = {y | y is a set of fish in the air}
n(Y) = 0
TYPES OF SETS
A. Universal Set
• A set which contains all elements under consideration, including itself. It is denoted by “∪”.
B. Empty Set or Null Set
• A set that contains no elements.
• Represented by the symbol “Ø” or by empty braces { }.
• An empty set is a subset of all sets.
C. Subset
• Set A is a subset of set B if and only if all elements of A are in B
In symbols, A B
‫ﬤ‬
•

D. Proper Subset
• Set X is a proper subset of Y, or X Y, if X is a subset of Y and Y has at least one element that is not in X.
‫ﬤ‬
Example:
a. A = { 3, 4} is a subset of B = {3, 4, 7} because every member of A is also a member of B.
Therefore, A B
‫ﬤ‬

b. Find the subsets and proper subsets of A = {5, 7,}

Subsets: { 5, 7} Proper Subsets: {5}, {7}, { }
{5}, {7}
{}
c. Find the subsets and proper subsets of A = {2, 4, 6, 8}
Subsets: {2, 4, 6, 8} Proper Subsets: {2, 4, 6}, {2, 4, 8}, {2, 6, 8}, {4, 6, 8}
{2, 4, 6}, {2, 4, 8}, {2, 6, 8}, {4, 6, 8} {2, 4}, {2, 6}, {2, 8}, {4, 6}, {4, 8}, {6, 8}
{2, 4}, {2, 6}, {2, 8}, {4, 6}, {4, 8}, {6, 8} {2}, {4}, {6}, {8}
{2}, {4}, {6}, {8} {}
{}
E. Power Set
• The power set P(A) of a set A is the set of all the subsets of A, including the empty
set and A itself.
• The cardinality of the power set is the number of subsets of A.
• Any set A with cardinality n(A) has 2n(A) subsets.
Examples:
Consider the sets A = {g}, B = {g, h}, C = {g, h, i}. Listing all the possible subsets of
each, we have:
Set A has 21 = 2 subsets: {g}, { }
Set B has 22 = 4 subsets: {g, h}, {g}, {h}, { }
Set C has 23 = 8 subsets: {g, h, i}, {g, h}, {g, i}, {h, i}, {g}, {h}, {i}, { }
PAIRS OF SETS
A. Equal Sets – Two sets A and B are said to be equal if and only if they have the exact
same elements. Thus, we have A = B.
Example: If A = {a, b, c} and B = {c, b, a}, then A = B.
Note: The order of the elements of the set does not matter.
B. Equivalent Sets – Two sets A and B are equivalent if and only if they have the same
cardinality, that is n(A) = n(B) but not the same elements. This is represented by
A ~ B, where the symbol “~” is read as “is equivalent to”.
Example: If M = {a, b, c} and N = {1, 2, 3}, then M ~ N
C. Joint Sets – Two sets A and B are said to be joint sets if and only if they have at least one
element in common.
Example: If A = {a, 1, 2, b, 3} and B = {2, b, c, 4, 5}, then A and B are joint sets.
D. Disjoint Sets – Two sets A and B said to be disjoint if and only if they do not have any
common elements.
Example: If X = {1, 3, 5} and Y = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, then X and Y are disjoint sets.

Types of Sets According to Cardinality

 Empty Set(Null Set) is a set that has no elements.
 Finite Set is a set that has limited number of elements.
Example: C = {3, 5, 7}
D = {x | x is a province in Luzon}
 Infinite Set is a set whose cardinality is larger than any real number. We use the
symbol “∞” to indicate the cardinality of an infinite set.
Example: A = {1, 2, 3, …}
PRACTICE EXAMPLES
Identify the type of each set according to its cardinality.
a. S = {x | x is a drop of water in the ocean}
b. B = {a, b, c, …, z}
c. J = {x | x is the last name of a student in this Math class}
d. The set of grains in a sack of rice
Answers:
a. Infinite Set
b. Finite Set
c. Finite Set
d. Infinite Set
SEATWORK NO. 1
I. Identify and write W if the set is a well-defined set and NW if it’s not. Write your answer on the
space provided before a number.
________1.The set of the best songs of the 1980s
________2.The set of moons of the planet Mars
________3.The set of cool T-shirts in a store
________4.The set of good books by male authors
________5.The set of two-digit odd numbers
II. Specify each of the following sets by using roster and rule method.
Example: If set A is the set of colors in the Philippine flag: {yellow, white, blue, red}
Roster Method: A = {yellow, white, blue, red}
Rule Method : A = {x | x is a color of Philippine flag}
1. Set A is the set of letters in a word MATHEMATICS
2. Set B is the set of even numbers from 1 to 10.
III. Write the cardinality of each of the following sets.
1. F = {7, 14, 21, 28}
2. I = {Anna, Bea, Chris, Debbie, Emily, Fiona, Gretel}
3. H = {10, 100, 1000, …}
4. I = { }
5. A = {x | x is an odd number between 35 and 40}
IV. Identify the type of set according to cardinality. Write E for empty set, F for finite set, and I for
infinite set.
1. The set of months in a year
2. The set of boxing championship belts earned by Manny Pacquiao
3. The set of polar bears living in the desert
4. The set of cars with 2 doors
5. The set of grain of sand on a beach
V. Fill in the blanks with equal, equivalent, joint and disjoint based on the following
sets.
L = {1, x, y, 2} M = {x, 2, 1, y} N = {w, y, z, x} O = {3, 4, 5, 6}
1. Set L and set M are ______ sets. 4. Set N and set L are ______ sets.
2. Set M and set N are ______ sets. 5. Set O and set M are ______ sets.
3. Set N and set O are ______ sets.
VI. List down all the subsets of each given set.
1. A = {a, b}
2. B = { }
SEATWORK NO. 1. 2
I. Identify and write W if the set is a well-defined set and NW if it’s not. Write your answer on
the space provided before a number.
________1. The set of the food that tastes sweet
________2. The set of Math book in the library
________3. The set of consonants in the English Alphabet
________4. The set of even numbers
________5. The set naughty pupil in the class
II. Specify each of the following sets by using roster and rule method.
Example: If set A is the set of colors in the Philippine flag: {yellow, white, blue, red}
Roster Method: A = {yellow, white, blue, red}
Rule Method : A = {x | x is a color of Philippine flag}
1. Set X is the set of letters in a word TELEPHONE
2. Set Y is the set of primary colors
III. Write the cardinality of each of the following sets.
1. A = {2, 4, 6, 8, …}
2. B = {Cody}
3. C = {0, 1, 2, 3, …, 10}
4. D = {x | x is a prime number between 3 and 4 }
5. E = {x | x is a multiple of 3 between 10 and 32}
IV. Identify the type of set according to cardinality. Write E for empty set, F for finite set, and I
for infinite set.
1. The set of months of the year that begin with T
2. The set of astronauts who walked on Moon’s surface
3. The set of birds that can’t fly
4. The set of stones in LCC – LCI ground
5. The set of hair strands in a girl’s hair
V. Fill in the blanks with equal, equivalent, joint and disjoint based on the following
sets.
Q = {r, e, a, p} R = {p, e, a, r} S = {k, i, n, s} T = {s, t, i, n, k}
1. Set Q and set S are ______ sets. 4. Set S and set T are ______ sets.
2. Set R and set T are ______ sets. 5. Set T and set Q are ______ sets.
3. Set Q and set R are ______ sets.
VI. List down all the subsets of each given set.
1. A = {1, 2, 3}