DESIGN OF FLOOD CONTROL

& DRAINAGE STRUCTURES

COMPREHENSIVE TRAINING FOR
DPWH FIELD ENGINEERS
F EB RUA RY 2 0 1 9

ENGR. RAY ANDREW K. MOLANO

ENGINEER III
OIC – PLANNING AND DESIGN SECTION
DPWH CAVITE SUB-DISTRICT ENGINEERING OFFICE
OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION
The presentation is divided into following groups:

• Definition, Overview and Types of Flood

• Categories of Flood Control and Drainage Structures
• Required Design Data
• Design Flood Level
• Flood Control Structures
• Design Criteria and Standards
• Design Procedures
• Urban Drainage Structures
• Design Criteria and Standards
• Design Procedures
DEFINITION OF FLOOD

WHAT IS

FLOOD?
DEFINITION OF FLOOD
Flood is defined as:

• Great flow of water over the land

(Webster)
• Volume of water flowing along the
river channel more than its bank-full
capacity (technical definition;
overflow flood)
• Volume of run-off water due to heavy
rainfall which cannot drain as fast as
possible is also cause of flood
(technical definition – inland flood)
OVERVIEW OF FLOOD
Statistics of Disasters in the Philippines

http://www.preventionweb.net/english/countries/statistics/?cid=135
TYPES AND CAUSES OF FLOOD

1. Flash Floods
• Rapid floods, generally caused by heavy, intense
rainfall.
2. Coastal and Urban Floods
Coastal floods are due to severe storm creating high
•
waves
• Urban Floods occur were there are lack of
stormwater drainage
3. River or Fluvial Floods
• Occur when an extended period of rainfall, the
water rises over the banks

http://www.ehow.com/info_8090653_types-floods.html; http://stormguardfloodplan.com/what-is-a-pluvial-flood-and-
how-is-it-different-to-a-fluvial-flood/
TYPES AND CAUSES OF FLOOD

4. Ponding or Pluvial Floods

Occurs when the ground surface is already
•
saturated, the flood waters spread over the land
5. Other Types of Floods
• Such as dam failure, dike failure, ice jams in the
rivers, abnormal occurrence of debris in the river,
etc.

http://www.ehow.com/info_8090653_types-floods.html; http://stormguardfloodplan.com/what-is-a-pluvial-flood-and-
how-is-it-different-to-a-fluvial-flood/
DESIGN FLOOD FREQUENCY (SAFETY LEVEL)

Basically, all flood control projects must have a flood control

plan. It is necessary to make a flood control plan based on the
forecasted river phenomena which is likely to occur as a result of
the discharges corresponding to the design flood frequencies.
Design Flood Frequency is expressed by return period, i.e., the
probability (expressed in years) where a flood of a target
size/magnitude is likely to occur. The return period shall be
determined based on the size of catchment area, the degree of
importance of the proposed project area and the economic
viability of the project. Thus, it is necessary to determine the
design flood discharge corresponding to the design flood
frequency of the river. It is also necessary to consider the funds
needed for the implementation of the proposed improvement
works and the expected benefits.
CATEGORIES OF FLOOD CONTROL AND
DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
• Increase River Discharge Capacity
• Protect Flood Prone Areas from
Overflow
• Reduce and/or Control Peak Discharge
of Flood
• Prevent Inland Flood
• Prevent Bank Collapse and
Degradation of Riverbed
• Prevent Obstruction Against River Flow
and/or Maintain/Conserve the Good
Condition of River
CATEGORIES OF FLOOD CONTROL AND
DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
1. Increase River Discharge Capacity
• Dike/Levee
• Widening of waterway river
• Dredging and/or excavation
• Combination of above
CATEGORIES OF FLOOD CONTROL AND
DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
Protect Flood Prone Areas from Overflow
CATEGORIES OF FLOOD CONTROL AND
DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
2. Reduce and/or Control Peak Discharge of Flood
*Hydrograph of Reduction of Peak Discharge

- The peak discharge can be reduced and its time

of occurrence be delayed.
CATEGORIES OF FLOOD CONTROL AND
DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
Dam Crest
EL 295 m
Reduce and/or Control Peak Discharge of Flood
• Dam/Retarding Basin Surcharge WL
E.L 290 m

Normal High WL
E.L 280 m Flood Control Capacity
140 Mm3

Effective Capacity
527 Mm3

Low WL
E.L. 225 m

Dead Capacity
309 Mm3
CATEGORIES OF FLOOD CONTROL AND
DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
3. Prevent Inland Flooding
• Lateral Improvement (storm drain, drainage main,
ditches, open canals, etc.)
• Tributary Improvement (tributaries of main river)
• Pumping Station
CATEGORIES OF FLOOD CONTROL AND
DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
4. Prevent Riverbank Collapse and Harmful Degradation of
Riverbed
• Revetment
• Spur Dike
• Change of Waterway / Cutoff Channel
• Ground Sill (to prevent riverbed degradation)
CATEGORIES OF FLOOD CONTROL AND
DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
4. Prevent Riverbank Collapse and Harmful Degradation of
Riverbed

Revetment Spur Dike

Groundsill
CATEGORIES OF FLOOD CONTROL AND
DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
5. Prevent Obstruction Against River Flow and/or
Maintain/Conserve the Good Condition of River
• Sabo Works
• Regular Maintenance (channel excavation/dredging)
FLOOD CONTROL STRUCTURES
Common Flood Control Structures are:

• Dikes/Levees (Embankment)
• Revetments
• Spur Dikes
• Groundsill
• Dam (Sabo Dam/Basins)
• Flood Gate / Sluice Gate
REQUIRED DESIGN DATA
Three Main Required Design Data are:

• Field Survey of Proposed Project Area

• Hydrologic / Hydraulic Data and Analysis
• Geotechnical Data and Analysis
REQUIRED DESIGN DATA
Field Survey of the Proposed Project Area
• Location Plan:
• Delineation of boundaries (approximate)
• Drawn to scale depending on the width of the river.
• Showing existing structures (man-made or not) such
as buildings, bridges, railroads, etc.
• Showing the extent of erosion, scouring, and silted
banks, including changes in the course of the river.
• Indicating the location and description of
benchmark.
REQUIRED DESIGN DATA
Field Survey of the Proposed Project Area
• Location Plan: Delineated Area
REQUIRED DESIGN DATA
Field Survey of the Proposed Project Area
• Profile Survey along Centerline, Left and Right Banks
• Drawn to scale 1:1000 H to 1:100 V
• Showing water levels
• Maximum Experience Flood Level (MEFL)
• Ordinary Water Level (OWL)
• Showing Existing Structures and waterway
REQUIRED DESIGN DATA
Field Survey of the Proposed Project Area
• Cross Section Survey
• Cross section shall be taken facing downstream at
interval and extended depending on width of river
• 100 meters for straight
• 25 meters for river bends
• 20 meters for sharp bends
• Showing water levels (OWL & MEFL) & Scour Depths

Cross - section Survey Limit

20 m Overflow Level at Left 20 m
(min.) (min.)
Overflow Level at Right
Ordinary Water Level
(rainy season)
Average Riverbed
Deepest Riverbed
REQUIRED DESIGN DATA
Field Survey of the Proposed Project Area
• Field Investigation
• Identification of River Bed Materials
• History of Flood Control Activities in the basin
• Conditions of Existing facilities
• Land Use Mapping
• Aerial Photographs
REQUIRED DESIGN DATA
Hydrologic / Hydraulic Data and Analysis
• Hydrologic
• Path and areal distribution
• Rainfall Intensity and Analysis
• Daily and Hourly rainfall data of all gauging stations
within and around the catchment area
• Arithmetic-Mean Method
• Thiessen Method
• Isohyetal Method
REQUIRED DESIGN DATA
Hydrologic / Hydraulic Data and Analysis
• Hydrologic
• Runoff Intensity and Analysis
• Rational Formula (areas less than 5 km2 urban / 20
km2 rural)
• Unit Hydrograph
• Storage Function Method
• Specific Discharge Method
• Flood Frequency Method
• Software (i.e. HEC-HMS)
• Magnitude of Flood Discharge (Qdemand)
• Data of Maximum Discharge/Water Levels
• n (2/5/10/25/50/100/500/1000) years depending on
the structure
REQUIRED DESIGN DATA
Hydrologic / Hydraulic Data and Analysis
• Hydraulic
• Slope / Cross-sectional area / Mannings’ resistance
coefficient/ River bed analysis
• Existing discharge capacity (Qcapacity)
• Uniform Flow (Mannings’ Q = AV)
• Non-Uniform Flow (Energy Equation or software (HEC-
RAS)
• Design Frequency
• Rivers:
• 50 years with freeboard (100 years to contain) for
areas 40sqkm and above /
• 25 years (50 years to contain) for below 40sqkm
REQUIRED DESIGN DATA
Geotechnical Data and Analysis
• The properties of natural materials available in the site for
construction and local conditions are essential for design,
such as:
• Natural moisture content and workability of soil
• Costs of right of way and stripping
• Rock characteristics, quality, and orientation of layers
• Suitability of aggregate deposits such as size, shape,
location, thickness, etc.
• Soil permeability, density, settlement of deposits
• Soil gradation, water content, Atternberg limits,
specific gravity, compaction, relative density,
abrasion, soundness, etc.
REQUIRED DESIGN DATA
Geotechnical Data and Analysis
Application
Item Dike: Weak foundation
Revetment: (No available information)
Dike: Permeable foundation
Spur Dike: (No available information)
Groundsill: all conditions
• Machine Boring
- Site 1 site 2 sites (slope ends at river and
(Representative location) land sides)
- Depth Until depth affected by construction of Until continuous impermeable
dike. (refer to DPWH guidelines) layer or 20 m

- Sampling 1 sample/1 m 1 sample/1 m

-Standard Penetration Test (SPT) 1 test/1 m 1 test/1 m

• On-site permeable test

2 sites (slope ends at river and
- Site - land sides)
- Test - 1 test/layer

• Laboratory test (per 1 sample)

- Test item (clay) Direct Shear Stress (Grading, moisture Grading, moisture content,
content, density, consistency), unconfined density, consistency,
compression or tri-axial shear, consolidation, tri-axial shear.
consolidation,.

- Test item Grading, moisture content, density. Grading, moisture content,

(Loose sand) density.
DESIGN FLOOD LEVEL
• Design Flood Level or DFL is the height to which the flood
will rise in a certain channel with fixed discharge of
water, slope and assumed degree of roughness of bed.
• DFL is determined by:
• Actual measurements/determination of MEFL
• Hydrologic calculations from rainfall analysis to
determine Q and flood level.

• DFL is not always equal to the Maximum Experience

Flood Level (MEFL).

If: MEFL > Flood Level from Hydrologic; use MEFL as DFL
(but it depends)
If: MEFL < Flood Level from Hydrologic; use FL from Hydro
DESIGN FLOOD LEVEL
DIKES OR LEVEES

An embankment constructed along the banks of a stream,

river, lake or other bodies of water for purpose of confining the
stream to flow to its regular channel, to hold the stream
preventing the inland from flooding, and/or to widen the natural
stream of bodies of water.
DIKES OR LEVEES
Components of Dike

RIVER SIDE LAND SIDE

Shoulder Dike Crest
Shoulder

Freeboard
DFL

Sl
pe

op
o Dike Height

e
Sl

Ground Level

Toe of Dike Slope Base of Dike Toe of Dike Slope

DIKES OR LEVEES
Location and Alignment:
• Dike should be located along high ridges or natural
banks where materials for construction are readily
available.
• Dike should not be close to riverbanks otherwise it would
be in danger of being undermined by caving of the
riverbank.
• Dike should be well away from the estimated meander
belt of the meandering river
• Alignment should be as straight as possible. Sharp curves
should be avoided since these portions are subject to
direct flow attack.
DIKES OR LEVEES
Freeboard
• Margin of height maintained between the top of the dike
and the designed flood level to guard against over-
topping and wave wash.

Design flood discharge (m3/s) Freeboard (m)

Less than 200 0.6

200 and up to 500 0.8

500 and up to 2,000 1.0

2,000 and up to 5,000 1.2

5,000 and up to 10,000 1.5

10,000 and over 2.0

DIKES OR LEVEES
Freeboard

D.F.L. Freeboard

Dike height = Design flood level + Freeboard

DIKES OR LEVEES
Crest Width
• The crest width may not be of special importance if
ample freeboard and side slopes are already provided.
Crest width mainly serves as road access for transport of
materials and maintenance operations.

Design Flood Discharge (m3/s) Crest Width (m)

Less than 500 3

500 and up to 2,000 4

2,000 and up to 5,000 5

5,000 and up to 10,000 6

10,000 and over 7

DIKES OR LEVEES
Side Slope
• The slope shall be gentle gradient of 2:1 or less. Slope is
decided based on the body of dike. A gradient steeper
than 2:1 is generally not preferable on view of stability
conditions.

Side Slope (H:V)

Type of Dike Crest Height from
River Bed (m) Riverside Landside

Earth Less than 4 2:1 2:1

More than 6 3:1 3:1

Sand with 4:1 4:1

protected 0.30m
thick soil sodded
DIKES OR LEVEES
Side Slope
• A steeper slope may be adopted on the riverside where
this is protected by a revetment (appropriate slope for
revetments will be adopted)
DIKES OR LEVEES
Berm
• Berms should be constructed every 3-5m below the crest
for the water side, and every 2-3m below the crest for the
landside.
• Berms shall have a width of at least 3m, and 1m for
masonry dikes.
DIKES OR LEVEES
Manggahan Floodway

more stable,
the better
DIKES OR LEVEES
Dike (Floodwall/Parapet Wall Type)
• If land/right of way acquisition is very difficult, or the dike
is close to an urban district or any important facilities, a
floodwall may be used

Parapet height Dotted line shows the

(desirable to be standard section to
80 cm or less) Parapet wall
which no special levee
is applied

H.W.L.

Standard crest width

DIKES OR LEVEES

Road
Parapet Wall Slope
DIKES OR LEVEES
Design Procedures
1. Determine design flood levels at different sections of the
floodway for the given design flood discharge.
2. Select type of dike to be adopted based on the field
conditions and available materials at the project site.
3. Determine the section for the dike based on the design
criteria.
4. Provide berms on the slope if necessary to attain the
purpose.
5. Determine the stability of the dike slope, and check if
the factor of safety is within acceptable limits.
6. Check whether protection works against erosion and
scouring are needed along the riverside slope.
REVETMENTS

A revetment is direct countermeasure to protect the riverbank

from collapse brought by erosion, scouring and riverbed
degradation.
REVETMENTS
Components of Revetment
Crest/Shoulder Beam

Slope Covering

Foot Protection

Foundation
REVETMENTS
Location and Alignment:
• Along meander belts of the river
• At downstream and upstream of hydraulic structures
where turbulent flow usually occurs.
• It should be smoothed to prevent formulation of vortices
and dead water zone.
• Along side slopes of irrigation canals to prevent loss of
water due to percolations.
REVETMENTS
Freeboard
• Generally, a minimum freeboard allowance of 0.60m
above the maximum experience flood level (MEFL) or
design flood level (DFL) as the case may be, is provided
for revetments confining flood flows.
REVETMENTS
Freeboard
REVETMENTS
Slope and Type of Revetment
• Slope of the revetment will depend on the kind of
materials used and protection works required for the
structure.
REVETMENTS
Slope and Type of Revetment
REVETMENTS
Slope and Type of Revetment
REVETMENTS
Slope and Type of Revetment
REVETMENTS
Height of Revetment
• The height of the revetment depends on the longitudinal
profile and cross sectional profiles and maximum flood
level or design flood level.
Berm
• If the height of the revetment is more than 5.0m, berm
(banquette) must be provided to separate the revetment
into segments, for stability and maintenance/patrolling
purposes.
Berm
(banquette)

H
REVETMENTS
Depth
• For narrow river (<50m in width), the minimum depth
should be 1.0m below the deepest riverbed elevation.
• For wide rivers, more than 1.0m depth should be
considered.
• If there are tendencies of river bed degradation, the
foundation has to be placed deeper than 1.0m.
• If the velocity is mild and the mainstream course is fixed
flowing away (>20m) with no tendency to change,
foundation can be place 1.0m below existing toe of the
bank.
REVETMENTS
Depth
REVETMENTS
Segment Lengths
• Length of one segment should be less than 50m to
prevent extension of damage once one section of
revetment collapse.
• Edging of each segment shall be adequately filled with
joint material (mortar) to connect.
Thickness
• Thickness is based on velocity, sediment runoff, soil &
groundwater pressure at back of revetment, and many
more.
• Minimum overall thickness should be 300mm on all kinds
of revetment, except unless supported with analysis, such
in case of reinforced concrete revetments.
REVETMENTS
Weepholes
• Weepholes should be provided as drainage pipes. They
should be placed staggerdly in horizontal direction and
spaced 2m center to center.
• Usual diameters are 50 to 75mm.
• Lowest weepholes shall be place just above the ordinary
water level.
REVETMENTS
Filter Cloth & Gravel
• Filter cloth and gravel are used to prevent caving in of
soil particles behind the revetment.
• Caving in of soil particles occur when the fine backfilling
materials are flowing out of the weepholes. This will lead
to collapse of the revetment.
• Filter cloth can be used along with gravel, or only one of
them, as cost must be considered also.
REVETMENTS
Design Procedures
1. Gather all survey and hydrologic information need for
the design of revetments.
2. Determine the velocity of flow using Manning’s Formula.
3. Determine the type of revetment based on the design
flood level and velocity of flow.
4. Determine the kind and extent of foundation and foot
protection works based on the depth of scour and soil
reports.
SPUR DIKE

A spur dike is a river structure that serves as the flow roughness

to reduce the river flow around the riverbank and redirect flow
away from the bank. It is an indirect countermeasure against
riverbank collapse. It also induce deposition of sediments at the
front of the bank. In the United States, spur dikes are called
groynes.
SPUR DIKE
Types of Spur Dike
• Permeable Type
• Made of piles and frames, preferably in series.
• Purpose is to reduce the river flow velocity at
intermediate downstream and induce
sedimentation.
• Impermeable Type/Semi-Impermeable Type
• Made of wet masonry, concrete blocks or loose
boulders.
• Purpose is to change the river flow direction away
from riverbank and also to lessen velocity.
SPUR DIKE
Permeable Type
SPUR DIKE
Impermeable Type
SPUR DIKE
Location and Alignment:
• Spur dikes are designed either perpendicular to the bank
or deflected towards the upstream, making an angle (0
spur) between 10 to 15 degrees with the line
perpendicular to the bank at straight sections and 5 to 10
degrees and 0 to 10 degrees for concave and convex
sections, respectively.
At right Deflected
angles Upstream

 spur

Overflow and Overflow

Non - overflow Type
Type

Flow Direction
- Sedimentation Area

- Scouring Area
SPUR DIKE
Location and Alignment:
• The abutment of spur dikes should be protected by
revetment to prevent scouring when the spur dike is
overtopped.
• Spur dikes deflected upstream will deflect the flow
towards the center of the river with scouring at the tip
and silting at the downstream side of the abutment, thus
protecting the bank from scouring.
• The right angle spur dike is usually adopted because it
gives the average effects of the deflected spur dikes but
scouring at the tip cannot be avoided.
SPUR DIKE
Dimensions
SPUR DIKE
Length
• Spur dikes should have lengths from 10 to 15 percent of
the width of the river or channel but not to exceed 100
meters.
Spacing
• The distance between spur dikes should be as follows:
• For concave sections, 1.4 to 1.8 times the length of
spur
• For straight sections, 1.7 to 2.3 times the length of spur
dikes
• For convex sections, 2.8 to 3.6 times the length of spur
SPUR DIKE
Top Width
• The top width usually ranges from 1 to 2 meters
Height
• Height should be at least one (1) meter above the normal
or ordinary water level and above the location of the
maximum velocity of flow to serve its purpose of inducing
siltation along the bank.
SPUR DIKE
Side Slope
• The longitudinal slope of the spur dike should be 1:20 to
1:100 (V:H) towards the center of the river.
• The side slopes shall depend on the quality of the subsoil,
groundwater flow and the type of structure. Underwater
slopes are between 1:2.5 and 1:3.5 (V:H) while slopes to
be constructed in dry land are somewhat steeper.
SPUR DIKE
Toe Protection
• Provision against scouring of toe of the spur dike should
be provided to prevent its collapse.
• Toe protection shall be included when there is a possible
riverbed degradation and the river flow velocity is high.
SPUR DIKE
Design Procedures
1. Gather the following information on design flood level,
ordinary water level and river behavior.
2. Establish the portions and locations of the proposed spur dikes
from the location map of the river showing the extent of
erosion and scouring.
3. Determine the type of spur dikes to be used depending upon
the available construction materials at the project area.
4. Determine the dimensions as well as spacing of the spur dikes
based on the design criteria for spur dikes.
5. Check stability of the trial section against overturning and
sliding by computing the corresponding factor of safety and
find out if they are within the limit.
6. Provide foot and foundation works at nose of spur dike.
GROUNDSILL

A groundsill is a flood control structure that prevent further

degradation. It also reduce the riverbed gradient thus reducing
the river flow velocity.
GROUNDSILL
Concept of Sediment Transport

Sediment balance

S input = S output Balance

S input > S output Aggradation
S input < S output Degradation
GROUNDSILL
Aggradation

Flow Direction
GROUNDSILL
Degradation

Flow direction
Difference in elevation –Exposed Piles of Bridge Pier
GROUNDSILL
Components of Groundsill
Bed protection (upstream) Designed Riverbed
W.S.

2 meters
Existing Riverbed
(Max.)
Apron

Cut-off wall, to prevent piping

Bed protection, Bed protection,
soft type like gabion hard type, like concrete

Flood channel protection

Top of Slope
Fishway
Approach wall

Revetment
Flood channel
Upstream bed
Apron
protection
Main Structure
Foot protection
Cut off - wall
Bed protection B Bed protection B
GROUNDSILL
Groundsill (Drop Structure Type)
• Involves a difference in water depth
• Prevents riverbed degradation
GROUNDSILL
Groundsill (Drop Structure Type)
• Stabilizes streambed by preventing streambed erosion
• Stabilizes movement of streambed sediments

Original riverbed
changed riverbed gradient
gradient

Longitudinal erosion
Trapped sediments
GROUNDSILL
Groundsill (Sill or Non-Head Type)
• Not Involving a difference in water depth
• Prevents local scouring which occurs under the forces of
turbulent flows
GROUNDSILL
Groundsill (Sill or Non-Head Type)

1
Groundsill i

1 =150
L= 1/1 / i=i
150
SLUICEWAY / FLOODGATE

Sluiceway is a flood control structure that connects the culvert

passing through the dikes and its gate. Sluice gate is
categorized into their purpose: one is to drain the inland water
into the river, and the other is to draw the water from the river
for irrigation use or some other purposes.
SLUICEWAY / FLOODGATE
SLUICEWAY / FLOODGATE
DAM

Dams are hydraulic structures that may be constructed to meet

the needs, such as: flood control/mitigation, creation of fresh
water storage, generation of power, creation of recreation
area, or combination of the above.
DAM
Kinds According to Material

Earthfill Rockfill

Concrete Masonry
DAM
Kinds According to Purpose
• Multi-Purpose Dam (Flood Control Dam)
• Sediment Storage Dam (SABO Dam)
DAM
Location and Alignment:
• In streams flowing between high rocky walls, a concrete
overflow dam is suggested.
• Low and rolling plains suggest an earthfill dam with
separate spillway.
• Rockfill dams are suggested in remote locations where
cement and materials for an earthfill dam are not
available.
• For gravity dams, these can be built on earth foundation
and their height in this case is limited to 20 meters.
• Dams must be evaluated for earthquake loads and
stresses.
DAM
Freeboard
• An additional freeboard allowance up to a maximum of
about 1.5m should be provided for dam in areas subject
to low temperature.
Height
• Normally, the height of a dam is determined thru the
depth of water in the reservoir based on the design water
surface elevation plus an allowance for freeboard.
Top Width
• A minimum width of 3 meters is usually required for
maintenance.
Easement
• Easement requirement along the shores of a man-made
lake or reservoir shall conform with the Water Code of
Phil.
DAM
Slope

Slope (H:V)
Type of Dam Embankment
Upstream Side Downstream
Side
2:1 to 4:1 for
- stability -
2.5:1 or 3:1
Earthfill usually
Pervious Zone - 2:1

Impervious - 2.5:1
Zone
Rockfill - 0.5:1 stable 1:1.3
1.3:1 usually
Concrete - Vertical 0.7:1
DAM

SABO is a Japanese word of origin which means:

“SA” = sediment and “BO” = prevention.
DAM

Silt-type SABO Dam

DAM
Design Procedures
1. Determine the type of dam to be adopted based on the
topography of the area.
2. Determine the trial section of the dam based on the design
criteria.
3. Compute all forces acting on the dam.
4. Check the stability of the trial section against overturning and
sliding.
5. For concrete gravity dam, check the compressive and
shearing stresses.
6. For earth dam, check slope stability.
7. If the design requirements are not completely satisfied, the
trial section will have to be modified and the computations
repeated until all design requirements are fully complied with.
DRAINAGE STRUCTURES
Common Drainage Structures are:

• Open Channel
• Road Side Ditch (Triangle, Trapezoidal, Rectangular)
• Closed Conduit
• Circular Pipe Conduit (RCPC)
• Box Culvert (RCBC)
REQUIRED DESIGN DATA
Location Plan / Topographic Map / Profile / Cross Section
Survey of the Proposed Project Area
• Location Plan
• Drawn to scale 1:2000m.
• Showing all existing underground facilities together
with buildings, roads, railroads or other structures that
might interfere with the proposed route
• Indicating the location and description of
benchmarks
• Location of rivers and tributaries, hydraulic conduits,
and control structures also indicated.
• Profile Survey
• Drawn to scale 1:1000 H to 1:100 V
REQUIRED DESIGN DATA
Location Plan / Topographic Map / Profile / Cross Section
Survey of the Proposed Project Area
• Cross Section Survey
• Showing actual longitudinal and transverse
configuration of the channel
REQUIRED DESIGN DATA
Hydrologic / Hydraulic Data and Analysis
• Hydrologic
• Drainage area of catch basin
• Rainfall intensity and analysis
• Rational Formula
• Magnitude of Flood Discharge (Qdemand)
• 2/5/10/25 years depending on the structure
• Hydraulic
• Slope / Cross-sectional area / Mannings’ resistance
coefficient/ River bed analysis
• Existing discharge capacity (Qcapacity)
• Uniform Flow (Mannings’ Q = AV)
• Non-Uniform Flow (Energy Equation)
REQUIRED DESIGN DATA
Hydrologic / Hydraulic Data and Analysis
• Design Frequency
• RCBC
• 25 years (50)
• RCPC and Drainage Pipes
• 15 years (25)
• Esteros / Creeks
• 15 years (25)
OPEN CHANNEL
OPEN CHANNEL
Triangular Drainage Channel

SUBGRADE LEVEL
EDGE OF SHOULDER

SUBGRADE LEVEL INVERT ELEVATION

15
0
2:1
:1

400
1.5

:1
2:1 1.5

DOUBLE WELDED WIRE MESH

6mmO SPACED @ 150 EACH WAY

CLASS "A" CONCRETE

ORIGINAL GROUND

SUBGRADE LEVEL

15
0
:1
2:1 1.5
400

CEMENT MORTAR

150mmO - 200mmO BOULDERS

OPEN CHANNEL
Trapezoidal Drainage Channel

EDGE OF SHOULDER
NAT'L / PROV'L. SS 1.5:1 SUBGRADE LEVEL
BARANGAY SS 3:1
SUBGRADE LEVEL

15
0
500 MIN.
500 MIN.
SS 1000 MAX.

400
1000 MAX.
SS
400

DOUBLE WELDED WIRE MESH

INVERT ELEVATION
6mmO SPACED @ 150 EACH WAY
NAT'L / PROV'L. SS 2:1
BARANGAY SS 2.5:1 CLASS "A" CONCRETE

SUBGRADE LEVEL

15
0
2: 500 MIN.
1
1000 MAX.
400

1.5
:1

:1
H + 200
1

CEMENT MORTAR
500 150mmO - 200mmO BOULDERS
OPEN CHANNEL
Rectangular Drainage Channel
EDGE OF SHOULDER

TOP OF SHOUDER 500 MIN. VARIES

SUBGRADE LEVEL 1000 MAX.

200 400 200

1200 MAX.
500 MIN.

5% 5%

INVERT ELEVATION

400
GRANULAR BEDDING

200
150 500 MIN. 150
200 500 MIN. 200 1000 MAX.
TOP OF SHOULDER TOP OF SHOULDER
1000 MAX.

1
1200 MAX. 10mmO @ 200
400 MIN.
1200 MAX.
400 MIN.

5 10mmO @ 200

CONSTRUCTION
KEY WAY
150
200

10mmO @ 200
CEMENT MORTAR
CLASS "A" CONCRETE
150mmO - 200mmO BOULDERS
OPEN CHANNEL
Freeboard
• Freeboard for channels is allowed to account for effects like
waves and water surfaces fluctuations, sedimentations and
water surface estimation errors.
• A freeboard should be selected that 15% of the depth of flow
on the channel at the design capacity, with a minimum of
100mm.
OPEN CHANNEL
Slope
• Slope of the channel depend on the kind of stream bank
materials

Side Slope Stream Bank Materials

(V:H)
Nearly Vertical Rock
1:4 Mud and Peat Soils
1:2 to 1:1 Stiff Clay or Earth with concrete lining
1:1 Earth with stone lining or earth for large channels
3:2 Firm clay or earth for small ditches
2:1 Loose sandy earth
3:1 Sand Loam in porous clay
CIRCULAR PIPE CONDUIT
CIRCULAR PIPE CONDUIT
Manhole Spacing
• In general, manholes for circular conduits shall be spaced at
maximum intervals of 20 meters. The designer should take
special care not to locate manholes at the middle of the
street intersections.
Minimum Size
• Pipes shall be equal or greater than 910mm in order to allow
passage of debris and minimize the risk of blockage
Minimum Slope
• The minimum invert slope is 0.005 or 0.5%
• Minimum velocity is 0.8 m/s and the maximum velocity is 5
m/s at full capacity
CIRCULAR PIPE CONDUIT
Minimum Cover
• Minimum cover should be 600mm, and 900mm for highways
and heavily trafficked areas.
REFERENCES
• PPT Presentation of Engr. Gil I. Iturralde, Engr. V of PMO-FCSEC
• Design Guidelines, Criteria and Standards, Volume I – Survey and
Investigation
• Design Guidelines, Criteria and Standards, Volume II – Part I – Hydraulic
Design
• Technical Standards and Guidelines for Planning and Design – Volume I:
Flood Control (Draft) March 2002, PMO-FCSEC
• Technical Standards and Guidelines for Planning and Design – Volume
II: Urban Drainage (Draft) March 2002, PMO-FCSEC
• Manual of Design of Flood Control Structures – PMO-FCSEC January
2005
• DPWH Design Guide, Volume 3: Water Engineering Projects