INTERNET OF THINGS

(ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN

PRINCIPLES)

By: Dr. Raj Kamal

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Chapter 1

Internet of Things:
An Overview
 Definition and Vision
 Definition of Internet
 A vast global network of connected servers, clouds, computers,
tablets, mobiles, devices and systems

 Definition of Thing
 Thing refers to a physical object, an action, idea, situation or
activity, in case when we need not be precise

 Vision
 A vision where things (wearable, watch, alarm clock, home devices,
surrounding objects with) become smart and behave alive through
sensing, computing and communicating systems
 An IoT Conceptual Framework
 Physical Object + Controller, Sensor and Actuators + Internet =
Internet of Things … (1.1)
Source: An equation given by Adrian McEwen and Hakim Cassimally, ‘Designing
Internet of things’, Wiley, 2014

 Gather + Enrich + Stream + Manage + Acquire + organize and

Analyse = Internet of Things
Enterprise & Business Applications, Integration and SoA … (1.2)
[An Equation based on Oracle IoT Architecture in Fig. 1.5 of book]

 Gather + Consolidate + Connect + Collect + Assemble + Manage

and Analyse = Internet of Things connected to Cloud Services …
(1.3)
[An Equation based on the IBM Framework Fig. 1.3]
CISCO Reference Model for Internet of
Things

5
(Refer Ch01 Fig. 1.4 of the Book)
 IEEE suggested P2413 standard for
Architecture of IoT
 A reference architecture of IoT
 Covers the definition of basic architectural building blocks and their
integration capability into multi-tiered systems.
 A reference model defining relation-ships among various IoT verticals,
for example, transportation and healthcare
 Follows top-down approach (means consider top layer design first
and then move to the lowest)
 Defines no new architecture and no reinvent but existing
architectures congruent with it
 Gives a blueprint for data abstraction
 Specifies abstract IoT domain for various IoT domains
 Recommends quality ‘quadruple’ trust
 “Protection, Security, Privacy, and Safety”
 Strives for mitigating architecture divergence (s)
 Addresses how to document
 Diverse Technology-Environment
1. Hardware
 Embedded Devices
 Embedded hardware/software with Sensors/Actuators
 Hardware (Arduino Raspberry Pi, Intel Edison, mBed, Beagle Bone Black
and Wireless SoC, )
2. Integrated development environment (IDE) and Software
 Enables developing device software, firmware and APIs
 Eclipse IoT Stack, Sense, ThingWorx, EvryThng,
 Software (RIOT OS, Thingsquare Mist firmware, Eclipse IoT)
3. Communication Protocols

Embedded Devices/M2M Network Protocols

• CoAP, RESTful HTTP, MQTT, XMPP • ZigBeeIP, RPL, IPv4, IPv6, UDP
• Communication (RFID, NFC, 6LowPAN, • WiFi, WiMax, 2G/3G/4G/5G
UWB, ZigBee, Bluetooth LE, Power-line
Ethernet, LPWAN)
 Diverse Technology-Environment /2
4. Software Platforms
 Internetwork Cloud Platforms (Xively, Nimbits, TCS Connected Universe
Platform, openHAB, AWS IoT, IBM BlueMix, CISCO IoT, IOx and Fog,
EvryThng)
 Server
5a. Analyzing and Visualising
 Analyzing data, streaming data, events streaming data
 Descriptive, Prescriptive and Predictive Analytics
 Data Visualisation
5b. Analytics & Machine Learning
 Learning ability to learn continuously from data, and the ability to drive
actions/Applications/Business Processes
 Machine learning algorithms, for example, GROK from Numenta Inc.
 Steps Behind the IoTs

1. Device platform consisting of device hardware and software.

2. Microcontrollers (or custom chips)
3. Software for device APIs and web applications
4. Connecting and networking,
5. Server and web programming,
6. Cloud platform for storage and computing, and
7. Data Analytics, Visualization and Machine Learning
Major Components of IoT Systems

Sensors
 Analog Sensors: thermistor, photoconductor, pressure gauge
and Hall sensor
 Digital Sensors: touch sensor, proximity sensor, metal sensor,
traffic
 presence sensor, rotator encoder for measuring angles, linear
encoders for measuring position

Control Units
 Most commonly used control unit in IoT consists of a
microcontroller unit (MCU) or
 A custom chip or core in a VLSI or an SoC
 Popular microcontrollers: ATmega 328, ATMega 32u4, ARM
Cortex and ARM LPC.
Various Functional Units in a
Microcontroller Embedded in IoT Device
 Popular IoT Development Boards
Arduino Boards
 E.g. Arduino Yún
 Using Microcontroller ATmega32u4
 Includes Wi-Fi, Ethernet, USB port, micro-SD card slot and three reset buttons
 Runs Linux
Intel Galileo board
 A line of Arduino-certified development boards.
 Intel x86, Intel SOC X1000 Quark based System-On-Chip
 Power over Ethernet (PoE) and 6 Analog Inputs
Beagle Board
 Very low power requirement
 Card like computer, Can run Android and Linux
 Open source Hardware designs and the software for the IoT devices are
Raspberry Pi
 Wi-Fi-connected device
 Included code open source RasWIK
 RFIDs
 An identification system
 Tagging and labelling
 Tiny chips: passive, active and battery powered when reader nearby
Wireless
 Communication range 10 cm to 200 m
 Standard frequency ranges: 120-150 kHz, 13.56 MHz, 433 MHz and
higher in UHF and Microwave regions
 Tracking and inventory control
 Identification in supply chain systems
 Access to buildings and road tolls
 Secured store center entries
 Devices such as RFID based temperature sensors
 WSNs
 WSN Network
 Defined as a network in which each sensor node connect
wirelessly
 Capabilities of computations
 Data compaction, aggregation and analysis
 Each with communication as well as networking capabilities.

 WSN Node
 Autonomous: Independent computing power and capability
to send requests and receive responses, and data forward
and routing capabilities
Communication Modules and Software
Development Tools
 Device message-queue
 A device message-cache stores the received messages
 Protocol handlers:
CoAP, HTTP, MQTT, TLS, DTLS
LWM2M, CoAP-SMS, CoAP-MQ,

Representational state transfer (REST)

architectural style
 Used for HTTP access
 GET, POST, PUT and DELETE methods for the resources
 Building web services
Middleware

 OpenIoT (open source middleware)

 Communication with sensor clouds and Cloud-based
‘sensing as a service
 IoTSyS middleware provisioning of communication stack for
smart devices using IPv6, oBIX, 6LoWPAN
 CoAP and multiple standards and protocols. The oBIX is
standard XML and web services
 protocol oBIX (Open Building Information Xchange).
OS
 RIOT: an operating system for IoT devices. supports
developer and multiple architectures
 Including ARM7, Cortex-M0, Cortex-M3, Cortex-M4, standard
x86 PCs and TI MSP430 architectures.
 Raspbian: a popular Raspberry Pi operating system Based
on the Debian distribution of Linux.
 AllJoyn, open source OS created by Qualcomm Cross-
platform OS with APIs available for Android, iOS, OS X, Linux

Cloud Platforms as a Service

 Sense, ThingWorx, Nimbits, Xively,
 openHAB, AWS IoT, IBM BlueMix, CISCO IoT, IOx and Fog,
EvryThng, Azure, TCS CUP
 M2M System
 Each machine in embeds a smart device
 Device senses the data or status of the machine
 Performs the computation and communication functions
 A device communicates via wired or wireless systems
 Protocols: 6LowPAN, LWM2M, MQTT, XMPP
 Each device assigned 48-bits Ipv6 addresses

Machine-to-Machine (M2M) to IoT

 Technology closely relates to IoT which use smart devices to collect
data that is transmitted via the Internet to other devices.

 Close differences lies in M2M uses for device to device

communication also for coordinated monitoring and control
purposes
Machine-to-Machine (M2M) to IoT

Communication
Application Areas Framework
 Connected Cars for Safety and  DeviceHive
Infotainment
 Enables connecting devices to
 Remote Monitoring the IoTs
 ATMs/Point of Sales Terminal  Web-based management
Connected for centralized software that creates security
Security rules based networks and
monitors devices
 Remote Monitoring, Trucks
Fleet Management
M2M Architecture

L3 : Device L1 : Application
domain, L2 : network domain
• Gateway • M2M server, device • Integration,
identity, device and Collaboration and
• Physical devices device-network M2M Application
and Controllers management, Data Services
(the things in IoT) Analysis, Abstraction,
[Sensors, Accumulation, and • Application
machines, devices, Management (Reporting,
Intelligent Edge • uni-cast and Analysis, control)
nodes of Different multicast message
Types delivery
• Core functionalities
for monitoring
• Connectivity
(Communication and
Processing Units)
 M2M Protocols
 Eclipse M2M Industry Working Group Various projects

 Koneki

 Eclipse SCADA for open standards for communication

protocols, tools, and frameworks

 ITU-T Focus Group M2M (global standardization initiative for

a common M2M service layer

 Weightless (wireless communications) Group for standards

and using wireless spaces for M2M
 M2M Usages
 Coordinated movement of tools, robots, drones
 Refinery operations, sequential control at each stage during
manufacturing
 Manufacturing of food packets
 Assembly in assembly lines and
 Tracking of failures along the railway tracks.
 IIoT Usages
 Manufacturing at multiple locations, railways, mining,
agriculture, oil and

 gas, utilities, transportation, logistics and healthcare

services along usages of the Internet, and

 Usages of software for analytics, machine learning, and

knowledge discovery in these areas
 Wireless Sensors at Smart Home
 Security sensors, cameras, thermostats, smart plugs, lights,
Entertainment systems. Do-it-Yourself (DIY) sensors

 Actuators

 Smart plug

 Motion detector and Door/window detector

 Smoke detector, meter interfaces (electric, gas and water)

 Remote control (built-in authentication), smart relay,

surveillance camera

 Wireless Hi-Fi Speakers,

 HUE LED lights

 Applications
 Mobile, tablets, IP-TV, VOIP telephony, video-conferencing,
video-on-demand, videos urveillance,
 Wi-Fi and Internet,
 Home security: access control and security alerts
 Wi-Fi and Internet
 Lighting control
 Home health care
 Fire detection: Leak detection
 Energy efficiency Solar panel monitoring and control,
Temperature monitoring and HVAC control
 Home Automation Software
 Intel-based intelligent gateway enables creation a home
automation system offered by the service providers for
telephony, mobile, cable, broadband, and security

 Open HAB enables the smart home devices communicate at

home.

 A Companion cloud computing service called my.openHAB

 Runs on any Java enabled system

An Architectural View

 Cloud (named Magic) based IoT platform for smart home

 VPN: Virtual Private Network
 DB: Database
 IVR: Interactive Voice Response System,
 UWB: Ultra Wideband
• VPN: Virtual Private Network • IVR: Interactive Voice
• DB: Database Response System,
• UWB: Ultra Wideband
Smart City
 The IoT concept extends to Internet of Everything (IoE)
 Four-layer architectural framework developed at CISCO for a city