The Lecture on Fundamental Physics

MSc. Đỗ Quốc Huy

Chapter 1

PHYSICS and
MEASUREMENT
http://www.ffs.iuh.edu.vn/doquochuy
 Textbook and References

[1] Serway – Jewett, Physics for

Scientists and Engineers, 9th Edition,
Brooks/Cole 2014.

[2] ffs.iuh.edu.vn/doquochuy
 OUTLINE
1.1 Standards of Length, Mass and Time
1.2 Matter and model building

1.3 Dimensional Analysis

1.4 Conversion of Units

1.5 Estimates and Order-of-Magnitude
Calculations
1.6 Significant Figures
 OVERVIEW
Physics What
is the
is most fundamental
the Physics?
physical science, which is
concerned with the basic
principles of the
1900 Universe.
Classical
Physics

Modern time
Physics
 OVERVIEW
Studying method of Physics
1. Observe 2. Make experiments

3. Process data from

observation and
4. Give out the
experiment to find
hypotheses to explain
out the physical laws
the laws.
1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time

Physical quantities

Basic quantities

Derived quantities
1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time
International System of the Unit (SI)
SI: Système International

Length (m)
Basic quantities

Mass (kg)
Time (s)
Temperature (K)
Electric curent (A)
Luminous intensity (cd)
The amount of substance (mol)
 1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time

In October 1983, the meter (m) was redefined

as the distance traveled by light in vacuum
during a time of 1/299792458 second.
 1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time

The SI unit of mass,

the kilogram (kg), is
defined as the mass of
a specific platinum –
iridium alloy cylinder
kept at the International
Bureau of Weights and
Measures at Sèvres,
France.
 1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time

The second (s) is now defined as

9192631770 times the period of vibration
of radiation from the cesiumatom.
1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time
1.2 Matter and Model building
 1.2 Matter and Model building

Density: mass per unit volume

m: mass (kg)
m
= V: volume (m3)
V : density (kg/m3)
Atomic mass: mass of single atom
Atomic mass units: u = 1.6605387 × 10 – 27 kg
 1.2 Matter and Model building

The Earth
m = 6.1024 kg
R = 6,4.106 m

 = 5.5 �10 kg / m
3 3
 1.2 Matter and Model building
Quick Quiz 1.1
In a machine shop, two cams are produced,
one of aluminum and one of iron. Both cams
have the same mass. Which cam is larger?
(a)The aluminum cam
(b) The iron cam
(c) Both cams have the same size.
 1.2 Matter and Model building
Example: How Many Atoms in the Cube?
A solid cube of aluminum (density 2.70 g/cm 3)
has a volume of 0.200 cm3. It is known that
27.0 g of aluminum contains 6.02×10 23 atoms.
How many aluminum atoms are contained in
the cube?

ĐS: 1.20 × 1022 atoms

 1.3 Dimensional Analysis
Dimension
The word dimension has a special meaning in
physics. It denotes the physical nature of a
quantity.
Whether a distance is measured in units of feet
or meters or fathoms, it is still a distance. We
say its dimension is length.
Physical
Mass Length Time
quantity
Symbol for
M L T
dimension
 1.3 Dimensional Analysis
Dimensional analysis
• Quantities can be added or subtracted only
if they have the same dimensions.
• The terms on both sides of an equation
must have the same dimensions.
By following these simple rules, you can use
dimensional analysis to help determine
whether an expression has the correct form.
The relationship can be correct only if the
dimensions on both sides of the equation are
the same.
 1.3 Dimensional Analysis
Quick Quiz 1.2 True or False?

Dimensional analysis can give you the

numerical value of constants of proportionality
that may appear in an algebraic expression.

False
 1.4 Conversion of Units

1 mile = 1 609 m = 1.609 km

1 ft = 0.304 8 m = 30.48 cm
1 m = 39.37 in. = 3.281 ft
1 in. = 0.025 4 m = 2.54 cm
1 km/h = 5/18 m/s
1 m/s = 3.6 km/h
 1.4 Conversion of Units
Quick Quiz 1.3

The distance between two cities is 100 mi. The

number of kilometers between the two cities is
(a) smaller than 100
(b) larger than 100
(c) equal to 100
 1.4 Conversion of Units
Example 1.3 Is He Speeding?

On an interstate highway in a rural region of

Wyoming, a car is traveling at a speed of 38.0
m/s. Is this car exceeding the speed limit of
75.0 mi/h? What is the speed of the car in
km/h?

38 m/s = 137 km/h;

75.0 mi/h = 121 km/h
1.5 Estimates and Order-of-magnitude Calculations
Order of magnitude

-2
0.008 6 : 10
-3
0.002 1 : 10
3
720 : 10
13
Tham nhũng bốn ngàn tỉ đồng: : 10 đồng
1.5 Estimates and Order-of-magnitude Calculations
Example 1.4 Breaths in a Lifetime

Estimate the number of breaths taken during

an average life span.

ĐS: 109 breaths.

 1.6 Significant Figures

A significant figure in a measurement is a reliably

known digit (other than a zero used to locate the
decimal point) or the first estimated digit.
(56.53 �0.4) cm � (56.5 �0.4) cm
3
1500 � 1.5 �10
-2
0.03 � 3 �10
-3
0.0075 � 7.5 �10
-4
0.000 230 � 2.30 �10
 1.6 Significant Figures

When multiplying several quantities, the number of

significant figures in the final answer is the same as
the number of significant figures in quantity having
the lowest number of significant figures.
(5.5 cm) �(6.4 cm) = 35 cm 2

0.0032 × 356.3 = 1.1

 1.6 Significant Figures

When numbers are added (or subtracted), the

number of decimal places in the result should equal
the smallest number of decimal places of any term
in the sum.

123 + 5.35 = 128

356.3 – 0.042 = 356.3
 1.6 Significant Figures
Experimental result

a = a �Da

 Width: (4.4 �0.2)cm

 Length: (6.8 �0.2)cm
2
 Area: (30 �2)cm
 Circumference: (22.4 �0.8)cm
 1.7 Significant Figures
Example 1.5 Installing a Carpet

A carpet is to be installed in a room whose

length is measured to be 12.71 m and whose
width is measured to be 3.46m. Find the area of
the room.

2
44.0 m
 REVIEW
Key words:
Physics: Vật lý học
Physical: Thuộc về vật lý
Physical quantity: Đại lượng vật lý
SI: Système International
Length: Chiều dài
Mass: Khối lượng
Time: Thời gian
 PROBLEMS
1

The standard kilogram is a platinum–

iridium cylinder 39.0 mm in height and
39.0 mm in diameter. What is the density of
the material?

3 3
21.5 �10 kg / m
 PROBLEMS
2

A major motor company displays a die-cast

model of its first automobile, made from 9.35kg
of iron. To celebrate its hundredth year in
business, a worker will recast the model in gold
from the original dies. What mass of gold is
needed to make the new model?

23.0 kg
 PROBLEMS
3

What mass of a material with density  is

required to make a hollow spherical shell
having inner radius r1 and outer radius r2?

4
m = p(r2 - r1 )
3 3

3
 PROBLEMS
4

Two spheres are cut from a certain uniform rock.

One has radius 4.50 cm. The mass of the other is
five times greater. Find its radius.

7.69 cm
 PROBLEMS
5
On your wedding day your lover gives you
a gold ring of mass 3.80 g. Fifty years later
its mass is 3.35 g. On the average, how
many atoms were abraded from the ring
during each second of your marriage? The
atomic mass of gold is 197 u.

11
8.72 �10
 PROBLEMS
6
Figure P1.14 shows a frustrum of a cone. Of the
following mensuration (geometrical)
expressions, which describes (a) the total
circumference of the flat circular faces (b) the
volume (c) the area of the curved surface?
(i) p(r1+r2)[h2 + (r1 – r2)2]1/2
(ii) 2p(r1+ r2)
(iii) p h(r12 + 2r1r2 + r22)
 PROBLEMS
7
A worker is to paint the walls of a square room
8.00 ft high and 12.0 ft along each side. What
surface area in square meters must she cover?

1 ft = 0.3048 m

4 �8.93 = 35.72 m 2
 PROBLEMS
8
Suppose your hair grows at the rate 1/32 in. per
day. Find the rate at which it grows in
nanometers per second. Because the distance
between atoms in a molecule is on the order of
0.1nm, your answer suggests how rapidly layers
of atoms are assembled in this protein synthesis.

9.2 nm / s
 PROBLEMS
9
Assume that it takes 7.00 minutes to fill a 30.0-
gal gasoline tank. (a) Calculate the rate at which
the tank is filled in gallons per second. (b)
Calculate the rate at which the tank is filled in
cubic meters per second. (c) Determine the time
interval, in hours, required to fill a 1m 3 volume
at the same rate. (1 U.S. gal = 231 in.3)
 PROBLEMS
10
A solid piece of lead has a mass of 23.94 g and a
volume of 2.10 cm3. From these data, calculate
the density of lead in SI units (kg/m3).
 PROBLEMS
11
The mass of the Sun is 1.99×1030 kg, and the
mass of an atom of hydrogen, of which the Sun
is mostly composed, is 1.67×10–27 kg. How many
atoms are in the Sun?
 PROBLEMS
12
One gallon of paint (volume = 3.78×10 –3 m3)
covers an area of 25.0 m2. What is the thickness
of the paint on the wall?
 PROBLEMS
13
Assuming that 70% of the Earth’s surface is
covered with water at an average depth of 2.3
mi, estimate the mass of the water on the Earth
in kilograms.
 PROBLEMS
14
A hydrogen atom has a diameter of approximately
1.06×10–10 m, as defined by the diameter of the
spherical electron cloud around the nucleus. The
hydrogen nucleus has a diameter of approximately
2.40 ×10–15 m. (a) For a scale model, represent the
diameter of the hydrogen atom by the length of an
American football field (100 yd = 300 ft), and
determine the diameter of the nucleus in
millimeters. (b) The atom is how many times larger
in volume than its nucleus?
 PROBLEMS
15
The mean radius of the Earth is 6.37×10 6 m, and that
of the Moon is 1.74×108 cm. From these data
calculate
(a) the ratio of the Earth’s surface area to that of the
Moon.
(b)the ratio of the Earth’s volume to that of the
Moon.
 PROBLEMS
16
One cubic meter (1.00 m3) of aluminum has a mass
of 2.70×103 kg, and 1.00 m3 of iron has a mass of
7.86×103 kg. Find the radius of a solid aluminum
sphere that will balance a solid iron sphere of radius
2.00 cm on an equal-arm balance.
 PROBLEMS
17
An automobile tire is rated to last for 50 000 miles.
To an order of magnitude, through how many
revolutions will it turn?
 PROBLEMS
18
A rectangular plate has a length of (21.3 0.2) cm
and a width of (9.8  0.1) cm. Calculate the area of
the plate, including its uncertainty.
 PROBLEMS
19
The radius of a circle is measured to be (10.5  0.2)
m. Calculate the (a) area and (b) circumference of
the circle and give the uncertainty in each value.
 PROBLEMS
20
How many significant figures are in the following
numbers?
(a) 78.9  0.2
(b) 3.788×109
(c) 2.46×10–6
(d) 0.005 3.
 PROBLEMS
21
The radius of a solid sphere is measured to be
(6.50  0.20)cm, and its mass is measured to be
(1.85  0.02)kg. Determine the density of the
sphere in kilograms per cubic meter and the
uncertainty in the density.
 PROBLEMS
22
Carry out the following arithmetic operations:
(a) the sum of the measured values 756, 37.2, 0.83,
and 2.5;
(b) the product 0.003 2 × 356.3;
(c) the product 5.620 × p.
 PROBLEMS
23
The tropical year, the time from vernal equinox to
the next vernal equinox, is the basis for our
calendar. It contains 365.242199 days. Find the
number of seconds in a tropical year.
 PROBLEMS
24
A farmer measures the distance around a rectangular
field. The length of the long sides of the rectangle is
found to be 38.44 m, and the length of the short
sides is found to be 19.5 m. What is the total
distance around the field?