History of

Computer
Abacus
 2000 – 500 BC
 Invented by the Chinese
 Use beads and rods to count
numbers
 1614 John Napier, Napier’s Rods - multiply, divide, square roots
 1623 Wilhelm Schickard, Calculating Clock reconstructed in 1960
 1630,
William Oughtred, invted the
Oughtred’s Slide Rule that consists of
two movable rules placed side by side
 1642 Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline, the first “digital
calulator”
 1673,Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz,
invented the Leibniz Calculator
 LeibnizCalculator, a mechanical device
used to add, subtract, multiply and divide
 Joseph-Marie Jacquard invented the
Jacquard’s Loom, an automatic loom
using punched cards to control
patterns in the fabrics

•Lead to riots against

•1847-1849 – Work on
Difference Machine but
technology too primitive
to build it. In 1991 the
Science Museum in
London built it
 1833 – Designed the Analytical Engine that
had the basic components used in a modern
computer. ” It provided for printed date, a
control unit, an information storage unit
 Ada Augusta King, Countess of Loveless
 Added notes and documentation to Babbage’s
Analytical Engine
 She wrote the first program
 Has a Programming Language named after her
 1890 Herman
Hollerith won
competition for
developing data
processing equipment
for the US Census.
 Hollerith’sTabulating
Machine is the first
punch card tabulating
machine that stores
data.
 Founded Hollerith
Tabulating Company
which became IBM in
1924
 Mark I - Paper tape stored data and program
instructions.
 Howard Aiken, a Ph.D. student at Harvard
University
 Built the Mark I
 Completed January 1942
 8 feet tall, 51 feet long, 2 feet thick, weighed 5 tons, used about 750,000
parts
•Vacuum tubes as their main logic elements.
•Punch cards to input and externally store data.
•Rotating magnetic drums for internal storage of data and programs
•Programs written in
Machine language
Assembly language
Requires a compiler.
1939 John Vincent Atanasoff and John
Berry built ABC computer for
solving linear systems in Physics.
Introduced ALU and rewriting memory.
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)
The ENIAC team (Feb 14, 1946). Left to right: J. Presper Eckert,
Jr.; John Grist Brainerd; Sam Feltman; Herman H. Goldstine; John
W. Mauchly; Harold Pender; Major General G. L. Barnes; Colonel Paul
N. Gillon.
 Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)
1946.
• Used vacuum tubes (not mechanical devices) to do its calculations.
Hence, first electronic computer.
• Developers John Mauchly, a physicist, and J. Prosper Eckert, an
electrical engineer at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the
University of Pennsylvania
• Funded by the U.S. Army.
• But it could not store its programs (its set of instructions)
 Early 1940s, Mauchly and Eckert began to design the
EDVAC - the Electronic Discreet Variable Computer.
John von Neumann's influential report in June 1945:
"The Report on the EDVAC"
British scientists used this report and outpaced the
Americans.
Max Newman headed up the effort at Manchester
University
Where the Manchester Mark I went into
operation in June 1948--becoming the first
stored-program computer.
Maurice Wilkes, a British scientist at Cambridge
University, completed the EDSAC (Electronic Delay
Storage Automatic Calculator) in 1949--two years
before EDVAC was finished.
Thus, EDSAC became the first stored-
program computer in general use (i.e., not a
prototype).
• Late 1940s, Eckert and Mauchly began the
development of a computer called UNIVAC
(Universal Automatic Computer)
• But, a machine called LEO (Lyons Electronic
Office) went into action a few months before
UNIVAC and became the world's first
commercial computer.
• Vacuum tubes replaced by transistors as main logic
element. William Shockley, John Bardeen, Walter Brattain
invent the transistor
• AT&T's Bell Laboratories, in the 1940s
• Crystalline mineral materials called semiconductors
could be used in the design of a device called a
transistor
• Magnetic tape and disks began to replace punched
cards as external storage devices.
• Magnetic cores (very small donut-shaped magnets that
could be polarized in one of two directions to represent
data) strung on wire within the computer became the
primary internal storage technology.
• High-level programming languages
• E.g., FORTRAN and COBOL
 1959 - 1964
 Based on transistors and printed circuits
 Much smaller and less power consumption
 1958
 Invented by Jack
Kilby at Texas
Instruments
 Integrates the
functions of
many transistors
into one physical
component
IC has the following characteristic
 It is highly reliable
 It is compact
 It is expensive
 It reduces power requirement using
computers
With the use of IC’s arithmetic and logical
operation could be performed in
microsecond or less.
 The Third Generation of Computers
 Integrated Circuits
 IBM 360s
 Integrated Circuits were used as main
memory and magnetic disks replaced
magnetic tape as auxiliary memory
 LSI – Large-Scale Integration
 Thousands of transistors on a single silicon
chip
 1972 -
 Based on
microprocessors
 Utilize LSI (Large Scale
Integration), and VLSI
(Very Large Scale
Integration)
 Smaller, faster, and more
complex than 3rd
Generation
 The Fourth Generation of Computers
 Microprocessor Chip
 Central Processing Unit

 Altair
 Personal computer
 MBASIC – computer language created by Paul Allen and Bill Gates

 Apple
 Steven Wozniak and Steve Jobs
 1980 Bill Gates, Microsoft’s co-founder, was offered the chance to
develop the operating system for IBM computers
 1981
 IBM PC entered the personal computer field and became popular in
business
 Fifth Generation - Present and Beyond: Artificial
Intelligence
Fifth generation computing devices, based on
artificial intelligence, are still in development,
though there are some applications, such as voice
recognition, that are being used today. The use of
parallel processing and superconductors is helping to
make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum
computation and molecular and nanotechnology will
radically change the face of computers in years to
come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to
develop devices that respond to natural language
input and are capable of learning and self-
organization.