HND Computing

UNIT 38: Database Management

Systems

Faisal saghir
Database Management
System
 Objective
“ To make you known about the fundamentals
of Database Management System and Improve
ourselves by taking valuable feedbacks from
you.”
 Contents
• Introduction
• What is Data ?
• What is Information?
• Database
• Data Models, Schema and Instances
• Components of Database System
• What is DBMS ?
• Database Administrator (DBA)
• Database Languages
• Database SystemArchitectures
• Advantages of DBMS
• Disadvantages of DBMS
• Examples of DBMS
• MS-Access
• Applications of DBMS
 Introduction
• DBMS stands for Database Management System.

• DBMS is a software system for creating, organizing

and managing the database.

• It provides an environment to the user to perform

operations on the database for creation, insertion,
deletion, updating and retrieval of data.
 What is Data ?
• A collection of raw facts and figures.
• Raw material that can be processed by any
computing machine.
• A collection of facts from which conclusions may
be drawn.
• Data can be represented in the form of:
numbers and words which can be
stored in computer‟s language.
i.e. Paan Singh, Anshul 007
 What is Information?
• Systematic and meaningful form of data.

• Knowledge acquired through study or experience.

• Information helps human beings in their decision

making.
 Database
• A repository of logically related and similar data.

• An organized collection of related information so that

it can easily be accessed, managed and updated.
E.g.:
Dictionary
Airline Database
Student Database
Library
Railways Timetable
YouTube (All songs of Rahul Vaidya)
 Data Models, Schema and Instances
 Data Models:
-Describes structure of the database.
-Aim is to support the development of information
systems by providing the definition and format of data.
-If the same data structures are used to store and access
data then different applications can share data.

-Classification:
1. High-Level Model
2. Representation Model
3. Low-Level Model
 High-Level Model
• Ensures data requirement of the users.
• Not concerned with representation, but
it‟s a conceptual form.
• Three Imp terms:
a)Entity: - Any object, exists physically or conceptually.
b)Attribute:- Property or characteristic of entity.
c)Relationship:- Association or link b/w two entities.

• These 3 terms make Entity-Relationship Model.

 Entity-Relationship (E-R) Model
College Principal College 1 Course A

Student A College 2 Course B

College Student B
College 3 Course C
Student C
Relationships
E-R diagram

Stud_Name Stud_Roll No Course_Id Course_Name

Student Admission Course

 Representation Model

- Representation of data stored inside a database.

- Describes the physical structure of the database.
- It uses the concepts which are close to the end-users.

- Classification:
a. Hierarchical
b. Relational
c. Network
 Hierarchical Database Model
• Developed by IBM, is the Oldest database model.
• Represented using a tree-diagram. Director

(Parent-child relationship) Manager Manager Manager

(HR) (Sales) (Market.)
• Each box is called a „Node‟
• The nodes represent a record type. Manager
Area Area Area
Manager Manager
• A line connecting nodes represent s 1 2 3

the link.
Sales Exe. Sales Exe.
1 2

Sales
Representative
 Cont
• Parent-child type is suited for One-to-many
relationship between two entities. Director
• But difficult to implement
Manager Manager Manager
many-to-many relationship. (HR) (Sales) (Market.)

e.g.: Area Area Area

Manager Manager Manager
IMS system from IBM. 1 2 3

Sales Exe. Sales Exe.

1 2

Sales
Representative
 Relational Database Model
• Simplest and the most common model.
• Developed in 1970 by E.F. Codd, it became commercial
in the 80s.
• Data elements are stored in
different tables made up of
rows and columns.
Roll No Name Surname Section
1001 Rajkumar Tomar D

1002 Rajkumar Singh D

 Cont…
• Terminologies:
-Data Values: alphanumeric raw data (Rajkumar)
-Columns: fields (item or object that holds the data)
-Rows: record (a group of data for related field)
-Table: collection (all records & fields)
-Key: identifier (uniquely identifies a row in the
table. It can be value of a single or multiple column.
e.g.:
Roll No Name Surname Section
DB2, ORACLE, SQL Server. 1001 Rajkuma Tomar D
r
1002 Rajkuma Singh D
r
 Relational Database: Pros & Cons
• Advantages
– Structural independence
• Separation of database design and physical data storage/access
• Easier database design, implementation, management, and use
– Ad hoc query capability with Structured Query Language (SQL)
• SQL translates user queries to codes

• Disadvantages
– Substantial hardware and system software overhead
• more complex system
– Poor design and implementation is made easy
• ease-of-use allows careless use of RDBMS

S511 Session 2, IU-SLIS 17

 Network Database Model
• Represented using a Data-Structure Diagram.
• Boxes represents the records & lines the links.
• Based on
Teacher 1 Teacher 2 Teacher 3
„owner-member relationship.‟
• Members of an owner may
be many but for many membe rs Course A Course B Course C
owner is one.
• Can represent one-to-one
and many-to-many as well. Student 1 Student 2 Student 3
 Cont…
• One-to-many relationship is converted into a set of
one-to-one.
• Also, many-to-many is Teacher 1 Teacher 2 Teacher 3

converted into 2 or more

one-to-many Course A Course B Course C
relationship.
e.g.:
Student 1 Student 2 Student 3
IDMS, IMAGE.
 Cont…
 Schema:
- Logical structure of the database.
- Doesn‟t show the data in database.
- Classification:
1. Physical
2. Conceptual
3. External
 Cont…
1. Physical Schema:
-Describes the physical storage of database.
-Not in terms of blocks or devices, but describes organization of files, access
path etc.
2. Conceptual Schema:
-Describes structure of whole database.
-Describes entities their relationships
and constraints.
3. External Schema:
-Provides a user‟s view of data.
-Shows relevant info particular to
user, hides rest of the info.
-one or more levels.

 Instances: Actual data contained in

database at a particular point of time.
 Network Database: Pros & Cons
• Advantages
– More data relationship types
– More efficient and flexible data access
• “network” vs. “tree” path traversal
– Conformance to standards
• enhanced database administration and portability

• Disadvantages
– System complexity
• require familiarity with the internal structure for data access
– Lack of structural independence
• small structural changes require significant program changes

S511 Session 2, IU-SLIS 22

 Entity Relationship Model
• Peter Chen’s Landmark Paper in 1976
– “The Relationship Model: Toward a Unified View of Data”
– Graphical representation of entities and their relationships

• Entity Relationship (ER) Model

– Based on Entity, Attributes & Relationships
• Entity is a thing about which data are to be collected and stored
– e.g. EMPLOYEE
• Attributes are characteristics of the entity
– e.g. SSN, last name, first name
• Relationships describe an associations between entities
– i.e. 1:M, M:N, 1:1

– Complements the relational data model concepts

• Helps to visualize structure and content of data groups
– entity is mapped to a relational table
• Tool for conceptual data modeling (higher level representation)

– Represented in an Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)

• Formalizes a way to describe relationships between groups of data

S511 Session 2, IU-SLIS 23

E-R Diagram: Chen Model
• Entity
– represented by a rectangle with its name
in capital letters.

• Relationships
– represented by an active or passive verb
inside the diamond that connects the
related entities.

• Connectivities
– i.e., types of relationship
– written next to each entity box.

Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management: Rob & Coronel

S511 Session 2, IU-SLIS 24

E-R Diagram: Crow’s Foot Model
• Entity
– represented by a rectangle with its
name in capital letters.

• Relationships
– represented by an active or passive
verb that connects the related
entities.

• Connectivities
– indicated by symbols next to
entities.
• 2 vertical lines for 1
• “crow’s foot” for M

Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management: Rob & Coronel

S511 Session 2, IU-SLIS 25

 E-R Model: Pros & Cons
• Advantages
– Exceptional conceptual simplicity
• easily viewed and understood representation of database
• facilitates database design and management
– Integration with the relational database model
• enables better database design via conceptual modeling

• Disadvantages
– Incomplete model on its own
• Limited representational power
– cannot model data constraints not tied to entity relationships
» e.g. attribute constraints
– cannot represent relationships between attributes within entities
• No data manipulation language (e.g. SQL)
– Loss of information content
• Hard to include attributes in ERD

S511 Session 2, IU-SLIS 26

 Object-Oriented Database
• Semantic Data Model (SDM)
– Modeled both data and their relationships in a single structure (object)
• Developed by Hammer & McLeod in 1981

• Object-oriented concepts became popular in 1990s

– Modularity facilitated program reuse and construction of complex structures
– Ability to handle complex data types (e.g. multimedia data)

• Object-Oriented Database Model (OODBM)

– Maintains the advantages of the ER model but adds more features
– Object = entity + relationships (between & within entity)
• consists of attributes & methods
– attributes describe properties of an object
– methods are all relevant operations that can be performed on an object
• self-contained abstraction of real-world entity
– Class = collection of similar objects with shared attributes and methods
• e.g. EMPLOYEE class = (employ1 object, employ2 object, …)
• organized in a class hierarchy
– e.g. PERSON > EMPLOYEE, CUSTOMER
– Incorporates the notion of inheritance
• attributes and methods of a class are inherited by its descendent classes

S511 Session 2, IU-SLIS 27

OO Database Model vs. E-R Model
OODBM:
- can accommodate relationships within a object
- objects to be used as building blocks for autonomous structures

Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management: Rob & Coronel

S511 Session 2, IU-SLIS 28
 Object-Oriented Database: Pros & Cons
• Advantages
– Semantic representation of data
• fuller and more meaningful description of data via object
– Modularity, reusability, inheritance
– Ability to handle
• complex data
• sophisticated information requirements

• Disadvantages
– Lack of standards
• no standard data access method
– Complex navigational data access
• class hierarchy traversal
– Steep learning curve
• difficult to design and implement properly
– More system-oriented than user-centered
– High system overhead
• slow transactions

S511 Session 2, IU-SLIS 29

 Components of Database
System
• Users- People who interact with the
Users
database:
- Application Programmers.
- End Users.
Components
- Data Administrators. Data
of database
Software

•Software- Lies between the stored data

and the users: Hardware

- DBMS.
- Application Software.
- User Interface.
 Cont…
Users

• Hardware- Physical device on which

database resides.
Data
Components Software
e.g.: of database
Computers, Disk Drives,
Printers, Cables etc.
Hardware
• Data- numbers, characters, pictures.
e.g.:
Shri Shri Nilesh, 1008, India.
 What is DBMS ?
• A set of programs to access the interrelated
data.
• DBMS contains information about a particular
enterprise.
• Computerized record keeping system.
• Provides convenient environment to user to
perform operations:
-Creation, Insertion, Deletion,
Updating & Retrieval of informatio n
.
 Database Administrator (DBA)
• Individual or a group, having centralized control of the
database.
• Has a good understanding of database and
coordinates all activities of the database.
• Functions:
-Defines schema.
-Defines storage structure and access meth od.
-Modification of both.
-Granting user authority to access the database.
-Monitoring performance and responding to changes.
 Database Languages
• Once data is filled, manipulation is required
(insertion, deletion, modification of data)
• For these, a set of languages is provided by
DBMS:
1. Data Definition Language.
2. Data Manipulation Language.
3. Data Control Language.
 Cont…
1. Data Definition Language (DDL):
-Used by DB designers to define schema.
-DDL compiler converts DDL statements and
generate a set of tables which are stored in.
e.g.: SQL

2. Data Manipulation Language (DML):

-For accessing and manipulating the data.
e.g.: SQL

3. Data Control Language (DCL):

-Similar to a computer programming language used to control
access to data stored in a database.
-operations like:
CONNECT, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, EXECUTE,
and USAGE.
e.g.: SQL
Database System Architectures
• The journey from big mainframe to pc has also
evolved the database and its architecture.
• Classification:
1. Centralized DBMS Architecture
2. Client-Server Architecture
3. Distributed Databases
 1. Centralized DBMS Architecture
• Traditional form, all data, functionality, apps are
located on one machine.
• Access via communication links.

Enterprise
database
 Client-Server Architecture
• Involves a client and a server.
• Clients are PCs or workstations.
• Servers are powerful computers, can manage files, printers,
e-mails.
• Client interacts server when additional functionality

User interface

Application server Application program

Database server
Database tables
 Distributed Database Architecture
• Decentralized functionality, distributed among many
computers.
• Storage computers are at diff. geographical locations.

Fragment Fragment

Enterprise
main
database

Fragment Fragment

Fragment
 Advantages of DBMS
• Controlling Data Redundancy: Data is recorded in only
one place in the database and it is not duplicated.
• Data Consistency: Data item appears only once, and the
updated value is immediately available to all users.
• Control Over Concurrency : In a computer file-based
system in updating, one may overwrite the values recorded
by the other.
• Backup and Recovery Procedures: automatically
create the backup of data and restore data if required.
• Data Independence: Separation of data structure of
database from application program that uses the data is
called data independence.
 Disadvantages of DBMS
• Cost of Hardware and Software: Processor with high speed of data
processing and memory of large size is required.
• Cost of Data Conversion: Very difficult and costly method to convert
data of data file into database.
• Cost of Staff Training: A lot of amount for the training of staff to run
the DBMS.
• Appointing Technical Staff: Trained technical persons such as
database administrator, application programmers, data entry operators
etc. are required to handle the DBMS.
• Database Damage: All data is integrated into a single database. If
database is damaged due to electric failure or database is corrupted
on the storage media, then your valuable data may be lost forever.
 Examples of DBMS
• Some of the common used DBMSs are:
-Oracle, IBM‟s DB2, Microsoft‟s SQL Server,
MS-Access and Informix.

• Some of the desktop based DBMSs are:

-Microsoft FoxPro, Borland dBase and
Microsoft Access.
 MS-Access (2007)
• Allows creation of database for MS Windows family.
• Permits user to design and create complete database
with quick and easy data entry.
• Can store any kind of data:
Numbers, pages of text, pictures etc.
• Is a tool for managing the data base.
• It‟s a Relational DBMS.
Getting started…
 Features of MS-Access 2007
• User can create tables and manage them.
• Can design reports to present the data.
• Attach files to the database.
• It permits filtering the data based on text, numbers
and date, and also sorts the data.
• Allows queries to analyze the data.
 Toolbar
• Home: View, clipboard, records, sort, find.
• Create: Tables, forms, reports, query (other).
• External Data: Import, export, collect data.
• Database Tools: Show, hide, analyze, move data.
• Datasheet: Views, fields & columns, format, relationship.
 The Create
tab
• Tables:
-Stores data.
-We can add tasks, events, contacts, design etc.
• Forms:
-Edit it.
-Blank form, split form, multiple items etc.
 Cont…
• Reports:
-Print it.
-Blank report, customized report, report in design.
• Query:
-Search it.
-Create a query, find duplicate query, unmatched
query, select table for creating a query.
 Applications of DBMS
• Airlines and Railways: Online databases for reservation, and
displaying the schedule information.
• Banking: Customer inquiry, accounts, loans, and other transactions.
• Education: Course registration, result, and other information.
• Telecommunications: Communication network, telephone numbers,
record of calls, for generating monthly bills, etc.
• E-commerce: Business activity such as online shopping, booking of
holiday package, consulting a doctor, etc.
• Human resources: Organizations use databases for storing
information about their employees, salaries, benefits, taxes, and for
generating salary checks.