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Ice 3101: Modern Control THEORY (3 1 0 4) : State Space Analysis

Modern control theory uses state-space analysis to model dynamic systems using state variables. The state of a system is defined as the smallest set of variables needed to determine the system's future behavior given its initial state and input over time. The state variables are organized into a state vector and the possible states form a state space. In state-space analysis, the system is modeled using state equations that define how the state variables change over time based on the system's input and current state. The output of the system can also be modeled as a function of the state variables and input using output equations.

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Bipin Krishna
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95 views15 pages

Ice 3101: Modern Control THEORY (3 1 0 4) : State Space Analysis

Modern control theory uses state-space analysis to model dynamic systems using state variables. The state of a system is defined as the smallest set of variables needed to determine the system's future behavior given its initial state and input over time. The state variables are organized into a state vector and the possible states form a state space. In state-space analysis, the system is modeled using state equations that define how the state variables change over time based on the system's input and current state. The output of the system can also be modeled as a function of the state variables and input using output equations.

Uploaded by

Bipin Krishna
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ICE 3101: MODERN CONTROL

THEORY [3 1 0 4]

State Space Analysis


Modern Vs Conventional control
theory
• Modern control theory is applicable to multiple-input-multiple-output systems,
which may be linear or nonlinear, time invariant or time varying.

• while the conventional is applicable only to linear time-invariant single-input-


single-output systems.

• Modern control theory is essentially a time-domain approach.

• While conventional control theory is a complex frequency-domain approach.


State of a Dynamic System
• The state of a dynamic system is the smallest set of variables (called
state variables) such that the knowledge of these variables at t = to,
together with the knowledge of the input for t >= to, completely
determines the behavior of the system for any time t >= to.

• Note that the concept of state is by no means limited to physical


systems. It is applicable to biological systems, economic systems,
social systems, and others.
State Variables
• The state variables of a dynamic system are the variables making up
the smallest set of variables that determine the state of the dynamic
system.
• If n variables are needed to completely describe the behavior of a
dynamic system.
• so that once the input is given for t >=to and the initial state at t = to
is specified, the future state of the system is completely determined.
• then such n variables are a set of state variables.
State Vector
• If n state variables are needed to completely describe the behaviour
of a given system, then these n state variables can be considered the
n components of a vector x. Such a vector is called a state vector.

• A state vector is thus a vector that determines uniquely the system


state x(t) for any time t >=to, once the state at t = to is given and the
input u(t) for t >=to is specified.
State Space
• The n-dimensional space whose coordinate axes consist of the x1 axis,
x2 axis, . . . , xn axis, where x1 , x2,. . . , xn are state variables; is called
a state space.
• Any state can be represented by a point in the state space.
State-Space Equations
• In state-space analysis we are concerned with three types of variables that are
involved in the modeling of dynamic systems:
• input variables
• Output variables
• and state variables
• The dynamic system must involve elements that memorize the values of the input
for t >= t1.
• Since integrators in a continuous-time control system serve as memory devices, the
outputs of such integrators can be considered as the variables that define the
internal state of the dynamic system.
• Thus the outputs of integrators serve as state variables.
• If the above state and output Equations are linearized about the operating
state, then we have the following linearized state equation and output
equation:

• where A(t) is called the state matrix


• B(t) the input matrix
• C(t) the output matrix
• And D(t) the direct transmission matrix.
Sate variable selection

• Where the system will be after 1 seconds?


• Initial Conditions:
• 1. Is the mass currently moving?

• 2. How hard is the spring pulling on the mass


• Why not more variables?
Example-1
• The displacement y(t)
is measured from the
equilibrium position
in the absence of the
external force
or

The output equation is


In vector form it can be written

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