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Introduction of Syntax: Moh. Firmansyah, S.PD., M.PD

The document discusses the definition and concepts of syntax. It defines syntax as the study of the internal structure of sentences and how words are arranged to form sentences. There are two central ideas in syntax: heads, which are the main words that control other words in a phrase or clause, and modifiers, which are other words that modify the head. Phrases and clauses contain heads and may also contain modifiers.

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67 views12 pages

Introduction of Syntax: Moh. Firmansyah, S.PD., M.PD

The document discusses the definition and concepts of syntax. It defines syntax as the study of the internal structure of sentences and how words are arranged to form sentences. There are two central ideas in syntax: heads, which are the main words that control other words in a phrase or clause, and modifiers, which are other words that modify the head. Phrases and clauses contain heads and may also contain modifiers.

Uploaded by

Chindy Katiandagho
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction of Syntax

Moh. Firmansyah, S.Pd., M.Pd


FORM, LANGUAGE LANGUAGE INTERDICIPLINARY
MEANING, UNITS SCIENCE VIEW
FUNCTION

SEMANTICS

SENTENCE SYNTAX
FORM/
LOGICAL
MEANING
MORPHEME MORPHOLOGY LINGUISTICS

FORM PHONEME PHONOLOGY


The Definition of Syntax
 The study of the internal structure of sentence: How to
put together words to form sentence
 The part of the grammar that represents a speaker’s
knowledge of sentences and their structure
 The process of how the sentence is arranged
Head and Modifiers

Two central ideas:


1. Certain relationships hold between words
 a. Head : one word that controls the other words.
 b. Modifiers : the other words that modify the head.
2. Words are grouped into phrases and that groupingstypically bring
together heads and their modifiers.
 A given head may have more than one modifier, andmay have no
modifier.
 In Phrases : every phrase contains a head and possibly, but un necessarily, one
or more modifiers. Example:
 (1) a barked loudly. (with 1 modifier)
head modifier
Head : barked (verb)
Modifier: loudly (adverb)
 b. The large dog (with 2 modifiers)
modifier 1 modifier 2 head
Head : dog (noun)-
Modifiers : the (d eterminer; definite article), large (adjective)
 In Clauses : Each clause has a head, the verb
Example:(2) Mr. Elton delivered a charade to Emma for a friend.
modifier 1 head modifier 2 modifier 3 modifier 4-
Head : delivered (verb)
Modifiers: Mr. Elton (noun), a charade (direct object), to Emma(indirect object),
for a friend (preposition phrase)
 Head: convey a central piece of information.
 Modifiers : convey extra information.
Example:
a. expensive books
modifier head
b. the expensive books
modifier 1 modifier 2 head
 Meaning:- the head word books indicates the very large set of things that
count as books.
 The modifier expensive indicates that the speaker is drawing attention not to
the whole set but to the subset of books that are expensive.
 The word the in (b) signals that the speaker is referring to a set of books which
have already been mentioned or are otherwise obvious in a particular context.
 Examples: My mother bought a present for Jeanie in Jenners last Tuesday.
 Description
Head bought (verb)
The verb bought controls all other phrases in the clause. It requires a human
noun to its left (i.e., mother and requires a noun to its right that denotes
something concrete (i.e. a present
 present Modifiers
 :=> obligatory (complements): my mother, a present => optional (adjuncts):
for Jeanie, in Jenners, last Tuesday
Part of Speech

 The most common parts of speech are


nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and
prepositions.
 Parts of speech tell us how a word is going
to function in the sentence.
Determining part of speech

The Problem of Traditional Definitions


 A noun is a “person, place, or thing,” or that a verb is
“an action, state, or state of being.”
Eight Main Groups of Function Words

1. Noun Determiners
the, a/an, my, her, their…,that/this
one, two…,some, all, many, few, other, more……
2. Auxiliaries
can, may, could, will, would, shall, should, need, do, be,
have, be going to….
3. Qualifiers
Very, quite, rather, a little, so, more, most, less, enough,
too, …
4. Preposition
- simple: after, around, before, …
- Compound: back of, due to, together with..
- Phrasal: by means of, in front of,
on account of,…
5. Coordinators
and, not, but, nor, rather than, either, Neither
6. Interrogators
- simple: when, where, how, why
- Interrogative Pronoun: who, what, which,whoever, whatever
7. Includers
- Simple: after, although, how, since,…
- Relative Pronoun: who, which, that, when,
etc
8. Sentence-linkers
- Simple: consequently, furthermore, hence
- Phrasal: at least, in addition, in fact, etc

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