05 Sampling
05 Sampling
Sampling
Sample
• A sample is “a smaller (but hopefully
representative) collection of units from a
population used to determine truths
about that population” (Field, 2005)
Sampling
The process of obtaining information from a subset (sample)
of a larger group (population)
The results for the sample are then used to make estimates
of the larger group
Faster and cheaper than asking the entire population
Two keys
1. Selecting the right people
Have to be selected scientifically so that they are
representative of the population
2. Selecting the right number of the right people
To minimize sampling errors I.e. choosing the wrong
people by chance
SAMPLING
• Sample -- contacting a portion of the
population (e.g., 10% or 25%)
– best with a very large population (n)
– easiest with a homogeneous population
• Census -- the entire population
– most useful is the population ("n") is small
– or the cost of making an error is high
Population Vs. Sample
Population of Interest
Population Sample
Sample
Parameter Statistic
• Accessible
• Low cost
…this (bad)…
Sample
Population
…or this (VERY bad)…
Sample
Population
Terminology
Population
The entire group of people of interest from whom
the researcher needs to obtain information.
Element (sampling unit)
one unit from a population
Sampling
The selection of a subset of the population
Sampling Frame
Listing of population from which a sample is chosen
Census
A polling of the entire population
Survey
A polling of the sample
Terminology
Parameter
The variable of interest
Statistic
The information obtained from the sample about the
parameter
Goal
To be able to make inferences about the population
parameter from knowledge of the relevant statistic - to
draw general conclusions about the entire body of units
Critical Assumption
The sample chosen is representative of the population
Steps in Sampling Process
1.Define the population
2.Identify the sampling frame
3.Select a sampling design or procedure
4.Determine the sample size
5.Draw the sample
Sampling Design Process
Define Population
Determine Appropriate
Sample Size
Execute Sampling
Design
Step 1. Define the Target
Population
It addresses the question “Ideally, who do you
want to survey?” i.e. those who have the
information sought What are their
characteristics. Who should be excluded?
– age, gender, product use, those in industry
– Geographic area
It involves
– defining population units
– setting population boundaries
– Screening (e.g. security questions, product use )
Step 1. Define the Target Population
The Element ...... individuals
families
seminar groups
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a) Probability sampling:-
is one in which every unit in the
population has a chance ( greater than Zero)
of being selected in the sample, and this
probability can be accurately determined. The
combinations of these traits make it possible
to produce unbiased estimates of population
totals, by weighing sampled units according to
their probability of selection.
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Probability Sampling is of the
following types:
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Non-Probability sampling:
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Simple Random sampling: -
A simple random sample is one in which each element of the
population has an equal and independent chance of being included
in the sample i.e.
a sample selected by randomization method is known as simple
random sample and this technique is simple random-sampling.
Randomization is a method and is done by using a number of
techniques as:-
a)Tossing a coin
b)Throwing a disc
c)Lottery method
d)Blind folded method
e)by using random table of Tipett’s Table
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Simple Random Sampling (SRS)
• Population members are selected directly from the
sampling frame
• Equal probability of selection for every member
(sample size/population size)
• 400/10,000 = .04
• Use random number table or random number
generator
Systematic Sampling:
Systematic sampling relies on arranging
the target population according to some
ordering scheme and then selecting
elements at regular start and then proceeds
with the selection of every Kth element
from the onwards.
In this case K= (population size). It is
important that the starting point is not
automatically the first in the list, but is
instead randomly chosen from within the
first to the Kth element in the list.
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Example
A simple eg:- would be to select every
3rd name from the telephone directory
(an every 3rd sample, also referred to
as sampling with a skip of 2).
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Stratified Sampling
It is an improvement over the earlier
method, when employing this techniques,
the researcher divides his/her population in
strata on the basis of some characteristics
and from each of these smaller homogenous
groups (strata) drawn at random a pre-
determined number of Units.
Researcher should choose that characteristic or
criterion which seems to be more relevant in
his/her research work.
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Stratified Random Sampling
-
a) Disproportionate Stratified Sampling
Means that the size of the sample in each Unit is
not proportionate to the size of the unit but depends
upon considerations involving personal judgment and
convenience.
b) Proportionate sampling: -
Refers to the selection from each sampling unit of a
sample that is proportionate to the size of the unit.
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These three are clear from the following table as given below
Disproportionate Proportionate
Levels stratified stratified Population
sampling sampling
HG 35 25 250
AG 43 40 400
L.G 22 35 350
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Cluster sampling:
To select the intact group as a whole is known as a
cluster sampling. In cluster sampling the sample units
contain groups of elements (clusters) instead of
individual members or items in the population.
Eg :- Rather than listing all elementary school
children in a given city and random selecting 15 per
cent these students for the sample, a researcher lists
all of the elementary schools in the city, selects at
random 15 percent of these clusters of units, and uses
all of the children in the selected schools as the
sample.
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cluster or area random sampling
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Quota Sampling
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Step 5: Execute sample design
• Ensure entire population included
• However it depends on sampling methods
Sampling error