What profession do you want to pursue?

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 Idea…Theme…Concept..

Design…Drafts…Blueprints….Construct….
As Built… 2
System Analysis and
Design

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 System Analysis and Design
• Step by step process for developing
high-quality information systems.

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But wait…..
What type/kind of system?

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 Systems
• Within organizations and businesses
• systems of communication, financial systems,
manufacturing systems, etc.
• systems that make the organization or
business work

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 System Analysis
• Review an existing system
• Suggest improvements

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There are different
methods in analyzing.

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 Methods in Analyzing
• Manual paper-based system
• Computer-based operation that is no longer
regarded as adequate for the task

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 Systems Analyst
• Improve their systems and become
more efficient, and for businesses,
more profitable

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Stages in System Analysis
Examining current system and identifying
problems

Designing new system that will fix the

Create model or prototype and examine and

Examining current system and identifying

Documents needed for the users,

Evaluate how the new system runs and check if

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 Analysis Stage
1. Fact finding/collecting data from the current system
2. Description of the current system – establishing the inputs,
outputs and processing being done
3. Identification of the problems with the current system
4. Agreeing the objectives with the customer

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 Analysis Stage
5. Identifying and agreeing the customer’s
requirements
6. Interpreting the customer’s requirements
7. Producing a cost-benefit analysis
8. Producing a data flow diagram.

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 Analysis Stage
Common methods used in fact finding
1. Observation
– first-hand
– downside to observation?
2. Questionnaires
– quick and simple
– information gathered is limited
3. Interviews
– Key people
– they take a long time
4. Looking at existing paperwork
– forms get filled in and passed to other offices
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 Analysis Stage
• identify the data input to the present system,
and the data output.

What goes in?

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 Analysis Stage

Current System

Ex: Problems
1) The payroll often takes over three days to process,
resulting in many employees being paid late
2) Timesheets sometimes get lost before being
processed. This means that sometimes pay has to be
estimated
3) The reports sent to management do not show
enough information. 17
So…what's the whole point
of doing this?

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 Analysis Stage
• The whole point of any system analysis is to
end up with a better system than presently
exists.

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http://www.igcseict.info/theory/8/analyse/index.html
 Design stage
• design the key parts of the recommended
system
• types of hardware are chosen in the design
stage

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 Make sure that…
• Know all important items
• Know the current process step-by-step

Why do we have to know those things? 21

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 Verification and Validation
• Verification
Double entry
• data is entered twice by two different people then
checks if there are differences
Visual check
• comparing entered data on the screen with the data in
the original document

"Are we creating it right?"

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 Verification and Validation
• Validation
– data is checked to see if it satisfies certain criteria
when input into a computer
Ex: if the data falls within accepted boundaries

"Are we creating the right software?"

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 Development and testing
• Create new system and fully test it

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 Development and testing
• Development stages
– the file structure needs to be finalized at this stage
Ex: In Database (Access)
• type of data stored in each field
• length of each field
• which field will be the key field
• routines have to be fully tested

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 Development and testing
• Development stages
– Hardware are used to interface with the final system
needs to be identified
ex: How the screens (and any other input devices) will
be used to collect the data and the way the output will be
presented
• Necessary to finalize how these devices are used with the
system when it is implemented

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 Development and testing
• Testing
-whole system needs to be tested (i.e. all
modules functioning together)
- there may be data clashes, incompatibility
and memory issues

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 Development and testing
• Testing
-Normal, Extreme or Abnormal Data
• Normal- acceptable/valid and has an expected
(known) outcome
ex: Month can be any whole number in the range
of 1 to12
• Extreme- limits of acceptability/validity
Ex: Values of month can either be 1 or 12
• Abnormal- outside the limits of
acceptability/validity and should be rejected or
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cause an error message
 Activity
• You were assigned to design a computer-based system for any company
• Show the following in the analysis stage:
– 2 Methods of gathering data
• Advantages and disadvantages of those methods of fact finding
• Show the following in the Design stage:
– Identifying hardware and describing the software that is going to be
used
– How the new system is Verified and Validated
• Show or describe the following in the Development and Testing stage:
• Normal category
• Extreme
• Abnormal

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 Implementation
• Changing over from the old system to the new
system

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 Four Methods on Implementing
Direct
Introduce immediately
Parallel Running
Slowly changing
Pilot Implementation
Pilot test in one area then assess
Phased Implementation
Initially, only part of the new system is introduced. Only when
it proves to work satisfactorily

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 Documentation
• Documentation needs to be produced
a) for the end user
b) for people who may need to modify or
develop the system further at some later
stage

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 Documentation
• User documentation
– help users to learn how to use the software or
system
• purpose of the system/program/software package
• hardware requirements
• software requirements
• error handling/meaning of errors
• troubleshooting guide

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 Documentation
• Technical documentation
– help programmers and analysts who need to make
improvements to the system or repair/maintain
the system
• program listing/coding
• programming language used
• flowchart/algorithm
• minimum memory requirements
• validation rules

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 Evaluation
• Evaluate how well the new system works
• Some results from the evaluation may require
changes

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Recap

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 Sources
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=suchXMe
eprU
• ICT IGCSE textbook
• http://www.igcseict.info/theory/8/what/index
.html
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCx6ol18
544

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