Water, Sanitation

and Hygiene
Issues
Components:
•Safe Water
•Sanitation Facilities
•Garbage Disposal
•Hygiene
•Etc.
The gift of WATER
663 million people around the world do not
have access to clean water.
Source: UN Sustainable Development Water and Sanitation
2.3 billion people
lack access to
basic sanitation
such as a toilet or
latrine.
Source: UN Sustainable Development Water and Sanitation

Credit: Caritas Australia

WATER AND SANITATION IN OUR WORLD
TODAY
1.8 2.3 billion
people lack access to basic
billion sanitation such as a toilet
people globally use or latrine. Of this
a source of drinking
water that is fecally
892 million
contaminated. people continue to
practice open defecation.

80% of wastewater resulting from

human activities is discharged into rivers or
seas without any pollution removal.
SAFE SANITATION IMPACTS ALL AREAS OF
LIFE
IMPROVING HEALTH BETTER EDUCATION
443 million sick days are taken by
1,000 children die each day children every year due to WASH
due to preventable water and related diseases.
sanitation related diarrhoeal
1 in 3 schools lack access to water
diseases which could be
and basic sanitation.
prevented by improved Water,
Sanitation and Health (WASH).

NUTRITION REDUCING INEQUALITY

In 2017, 151 million children 4 billion people lack access to basic
worldwide under age 5 suffered sanitation services, such as toilets or
latrines.
from stunting. One of the main
cause is WASH-related diseases
like diarrhea that prevent the
proper absorption of nutrients
from food.
GENDER INEQUALITY
• In many countries around the world, women are
responsible for finding and collecting water for their
families. This can be a dangerous chore. Collecting
water from sources like rivers can include risk of
attack from animals such as crocodiles.
• Women and girls can face disease, harassment,
shame and the threat of violence because they have
no safe sanitation choices.
• Many girls don’t attend school if there are no safe and
private toilets available for menstrual hygiene
management. Women and children spend 125
million hours each day
collecting water.
THE GLOBAL SITUATION
No access to sanitation: 2.6 billion Worldwide use of improved sanitation facilities in 2008
WHO/UNICEF, Joint Monitoring Program, 2010
61% of the world population uses improved sanitation facilities In Southern Asia (26%) and Sub-Saharan Africa (24%) the situation is critical
This graph shows the regional distribution of the
2.6 billion people not using improved sanitation
facilities in 2008 (population in millions).
7 OUT OF 10 PEOPLE W/O IMPROVED SANITATION LIVE IN RURAL AREA
Disparity between urban and rural areas is striking:
Rapid population growth
Isolated rural communities and urban slums
Current national sanitation situation
• 20 million Filipinos have no access to improved sanitation facilities.
About 9% still defecate in the open
• Only 77% of Filipinos have sanitary toilets (2007 FHSIS data). 23% of
the Filipinos do not have sanitary toilets
• (1 in every 5 households!). 15.1 million share toilets
• • There are about 38 million diarrhea cases/year; 11,338 deaths/year
due to acute watery diarrhea
• Sanitation crisis in emergency situations
HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER
Improved sources of water protect against outside contamination so that the water
is more likely to be safe to drink

• In the Philippines, 95 percent of households use an improved source of drinking

water; almost all urban households (98%) report using an improved source of
drinking water compared with 93 percent of rural households. The percentage of
households using an improved drinking water source is unchanged relative to the
NDHS 2013 findings.
• The most common source of drinking water is bottled water or water from a
refilling station (44%)
• followed by water piped water into the dwelling, yard or plot (24%), and by water
from a tubewell or borehole (12%).
• Overall, 8 in every 10 Filipino households have water on the premises. Sixteen
percent of households travel less than 30 minutes or longer to fetch water and 3
percent travel 30 minutes or longer.
• Most households (79%) report that they do not treat their water prior to drinking.
HOUSEHOLD SANITATION
• Three-quarters of Filipino households (76%) use improved sanitation facilities,
which are defined as non-shared facilities that prevent people from coming into
contact with human waste and thus reduce the transmission of cholera, typhoid,
and other diseases. Twenty-four percent of households use unimproved
sanitation; this includes 17 percent of households with a shared toilet facility of
an otherwise acceptable type,
• 3 percent with an unimproved facility, with 5 percent having no facilities at all.
• This marks an improvement since 2013, when 70 percent of households used
improved sanitation facilities. Among households with a toilet facility, about two-
thirds (66%) use a facility in their own dwelling and 30 percent use one in their
own yard or plot. Four percent of households use a toilet facility elsewhere
outside their compound. Urban households are more likely to have toilets within
their own dwelling (79%) compared with rural households (55%).

• NDHS 2017
• The country’s sewerage goes to open
• water bodies contributing heavily to
• pollution of water sources
• 58% of country’s groundwater is
• contaminated.
• About 64% of rivers exceeded
• drinking water criterion.
• Only 10% of the population have
• access to piped sewerage
Any relations in people and environment are
embedded in culture ( UNESCO 2013)
Cultural factors
“Faecophillia many societies, there is a fear of human excreta
(some people call this: “faecophobia”) and many taboos around
human excreta management
ilia-faecophobia” continuum
 In other societies people have no problems talking about faeces (some
people call this “faecophilia”)
• one example is China*
 It is important to work with these cultural barriers and taboos and not to
ignore them!
PROGRESS SINCE THE MILLENNIUM
DEVELOPMENT GOALS (MDG)
2000-2015
Goal 7 of the MDGs was to ensure environmental sustainability,
including halving the proportion of people without access to safe water
and sanitation between 2000-2015. Global action has led to positive
results.

In 1990 MDG GOAL

76% of the global population used 88%
improved water sources

54% of the global population used

improved sanitation facilities. 77%
PROGRESS SINCE THE MILLENNIUM
DEVELOPMENT GOALS
WATER GOAL MET IN 2010 SANITATION GOAL MISSED

 91% of the world’s population X Only 68% of the global

now access improved sources population now uses improved
of drinking water. sanitation facilities (Goal was
77%)
X 8 /10 people in the world who
live in rural areas are still without  2.1 billion people have gained
a source of improved drinking access to improved sanitation
water since 1990

X 663 million people still lack X 2.4 billion people still lack
access to improved drinking improved sanitation facilities.
water sources.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

In 2015, the new Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs) were
released.

These are 17 goals for everyone,

everywhere, aimed at achieving
three extraordinary things in the next
15 years:
• End extreme poverty.
• Fight inequality & injustice.
Credit: United Nations
• Fix climate change.
GOAL 6 FOCUSES ON CLEAN WATER AND
SANITATION
Ensure availability and sustainable
management of water and sanitation
for all

Some of the targets for 2030:

• achieve universal and equitable
access to safe and affordable
drinking water for all
• achieve access to adequate
sanitation and hygiene for all
• end open defecation, paying special
attention to the needs of women and
girls and those in vulnerable
situations Credit: United Nations

• improve water quality by reducing

pollution and eliminating dumping
LESSONS LEARNED
• Sanitation development requires:
• Participation of the users- not a supply-driven approach!
• Consideration of the environmental impact of the
programme
• Good institutional framework that allows decentralization
• Need to implement a full prevention package including the
hygiene promotion and the use of improved sources of
drinking water and sanitation facilities.
• Refs:
• •WHO. Sanitation promotion. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1998.
• •WHO/UNEP. Healthy environments for healthy children: key messages for
action.
• WHO/UNEP, 2010. Available at
ww.who.int/ceh/publications/hehc_booklet/en/index.html –
• accessed 31 October 2011.
• Picture: WHO. Children, washing hands, People's Republic of China,
Shanghai.
• NDHS
•Thank you!