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INFERENCE

NATURE OF INDEFERENCE- refers to any process through which the mind moves from one or more prepositions to other preposition. 2 KINDS OF INFERENCEImmediate Inference Mediate Inference

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Zoe Iero
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62 views10 pages

INFERENCE

NATURE OF INDEFERENCE- refers to any process through which the mind moves from one or more prepositions to other preposition. 2 KINDS OF INFERENCEImmediate Inference Mediate Inference

Uploaded by

Zoe Iero
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INFERENCE

INFERENCE

• NATURE OF INDEFERENCE- refers to any process


through which the mind moves from one or more
prepositions to other preposition.

• 2 KINDS OF INFERENCE
Immediate Inference
Mediate Inference
IMMEDIATE INFERENCE

• A process of reasoning wherein the mind derives a


new proposition from an existing proposition, with
no new truth created; the new proposition is a mere
restatement of the original proposition.

• 2 KINDS OF IMMEDIATE Inferences


a. Logical Oppositions
b. Contradictory Opposition
LOGICAL OPPOSITIONS
(or equipollence/oppositional inference)
Refers to the disagreement or difference as to quantity, quality, or both
of two proposition having the same subject and the same predicate.

All nurses are No nurses are


kind CONTRARIES kind
A E

S S
u u
b b
a a
l l
t t
e e
r r
n n
s s

Some nurses Some nurses


are kind CONTRARIES are not kind
I O
CONTRADICTORY OPPOSITION

• occurs when two propositions have the same


subject and predicate but different quantities and
qualities. Contradictory oppositions exists between
A and O, and between E and I .

Rules:
(1) If one proposition is true, the other is false.
(2) If one proposition is false, the other is true.
Examples of Rule 1:
Symbol Truth Value Proposition

A True All illegal drugs are hazards to health

O False Some illegal drugs are not hazard to health

Symbol Truth Value Proposition

E True No careless husbands are romantics

I False Some careless husbands are romantics

Examples of Rule 2:
Symbol Truth Value Proposition

A True Some peaches are not sweet

O False All peaches are sweet

Symbol Truth Value Proposition

E True Some models are shy

I False No models are shy


CONTRARY OPPOSITION

• occurs when two universal propositions have the


same subject and predicate but different qualities.
Contrary opposition exists between A and E
(Hermida, 1996) .

Rules:
(1) If one proposition is true, the other is false.
(2) If one proposition is false, the other is doubtful.
Examples of Rule 1:
Symbol Truth Value Proposition

E True No mothers are females.

A False All mothers are females.

Symbol Truth Value Proposition

A True All athletes are overweight.

E False No athlete is overweight.

Examples of Rule 2:
Symbol Truth Value Proposition

E False All choirs are red

A Doubtful No choirs are red

Symbol Truth Value Proposition

A False No police officers is a thief

E Doubtful All police officers are thieves


SUBCONTRARY OPPOSITION

• occurs when two particular propositions have the


same subject and predicate but different qualities.
Subcontrary opposition exists between O and I.
(Hermida, 1996) .

Rules:
(1) If one subcontrary is falsee, the other is false.
(2) If one subcontrary is true, the other is doubtful.
Examples of Rule 1:
Symbol Truth Value Proposition

I False Some spoiled children are snobs.

O True Some spoiled children not are snobs.

Symbol Truth Value Proposition

I False Some animals are not precious creatures.

O True Some animals are precious creatures.

Examples of Rule 2:
Symbol Truth Value Proposition

I True Some lovers of wine are lovers of women.

O Doubtful Some lovers of wine are not lovers of women.

Symbol Truth Value Proposition

I True Some Filipinos are not rat-eaters.

O Doubtful Some Filipinos are rat-eaters.

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