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Switchyard & Its Equipment AND HVDC Transmission: Deepak Kumar Sahu

1) A switchyard is a switching station that links power generation plants to transmission systems and allows for adjusting voltage levels. It contains equipment like bus bars, isolators, transformers, and circuit breakers. 2) HVDC transmission is preferable to AC transmission for long distance power transmission as it has lower transmission losses and requires less copper. It also has advantages like asynchronous connections and better voltage regulation. 3) Key components of an HVDC system include converter stations containing rectifiers, smoothing reactors, and filters to convert AC to DC and vice versa at the transmitting and receiving ends.

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Deepak Kumar Sahu
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258 views36 pages

Switchyard & Its Equipment AND HVDC Transmission: Deepak Kumar Sahu

1) A switchyard is a switching station that links power generation plants to transmission systems and allows for adjusting voltage levels. It contains equipment like bus bars, isolators, transformers, and circuit breakers. 2) HVDC transmission is preferable to AC transmission for long distance power transmission as it has lower transmission losses and requires less copper. It also has advantages like asynchronous connections and better voltage regulation. 3) Key components of an HVDC system include converter stations containing rectifiers, smoothing reactors, and filters to convert AC to DC and vice versa at the transmitting and receiving ends.

Uploaded by

Deepak Kumar Sahu
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SWITCHYARD & ITS EQUIPMENT

AND
HVDC TRANSMISSION

DEEPAK KUMAR
SAHU
Presentation outline
 Understanding basics of switchyard
 Switchyard equipments and schemes
 Components of switchyard:
Breakers, Isolators, Earth switch, CT, CVT,
Wave trap etc
 Brief Description of modes of transmission
 Conclusion
What is a Switchyard ?
It is a switching station which has the following
credits :

(i) Main link between Generating plant and


Transmission system, which has a large influence on
the security of the supply.

(ii) Step-up and/or Step-down the voltage levels


depending upon the Network Node.

(iii) Switching ON/OFF Reactive Power Control


devices, which has effect on Quality of power.
Equipments commonly found in
switchyard :

1. Bus bar
2. Isolators
3. Current transformer
4. Voltage transformer
5. Power transformers / I.C.T.
6. Lightening arrestor
7. Support structure
8. Circuit Breaker
BUS BAR
Used to interconnect the loads and sources of
electrical power

It connects incoming and outgoing


transmission lines

Also connect generator and main transformer


in power plant

Material used: Copper or Aluminium


TYPES OF BUS BAR

Rigid bus-bars:used for low,md. And high voltages

Strain bus bars:used for high voltages

Insulated phase bus bars:used for mdium voltages

Sulphur hexaflouride bus bar:used for medium


and high voltage system
Insulator

Supported the poles and towers in such a way that


currents from conductors do not flow to earth through
these supports

Types of Insulators
Pin type

Suspension type
Current Transformer
• A current transformer is a type of instrument
transformer designed to provide a current in its
secondary winding proportional to the
alternating current flowing in its primary.

• They are commonly used in metering and


protective relaying in the electrical power
industry where they facilitate the safe
measurement of large currents, often in the
presence of high voltages.
• The current transformer safely isolates
measurement and control circuitry from the
high voltages typically present on the circuit
being measured.
Capacitive Voltage Transformer

• A capacitor voltage
transformer (CVT) is a
transformer used in power
systems to step-down extra
high voltage signals and
provide low voltage signals
either for measurement or to
operate a protective relay..
CVT internals : Bus

In its most basic form


the device consists of
three parts: two Insulators which
capacitors across acts as Capacitors
which the voltage
signal is split, an
inductive element
used to tune the
device to the supply
frequency and a
transformer used to
isolate and further
step-down the voltage P S
for the
instrumentation or
PMI Revision 00
protective relay PMI Revision 00 12
Lightning Arrestors

 Purpose :
- To discharge the high voltage surges in the
power system due to lightning to the ground.

 Apparatus to be protected :
* Overhead lines………Earth/Ground wires

* HV equipment……
* Substation…………...Lightning Masts, Earth wires
What exactly does a Lightning Arrestor
Do?
•It Does not Absorb the Lightning or Stop the
Lightning

•It Does Divert the Lightning to Ground and


Clamp (limit) the Voltage produced by the
Lightning

•It Only protects equipment electrically in


parallel with it.
Circuit Breaker…..?????

A circuit breaker is an automatically-operated


electrical switch designed to protect an electrical
circuit from damage caused by overload or short
circuit. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and
then has to be replaced, a circuit breaker can be
reset (either manually or automatically) to resume
normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in
varying sizes, from small devices that protect an
individual household appliance up to large
switchgear designed to protect high voltage
circuits feeding an entire city.
In switchyard High Capacity Circuit Breakers
are used.
In 400/220KV substation Power Grid there is
SF6 circuit breaker system.
BASIC TRIP CIRCUIT
Bus

Line PT

CT
RELAY

CB Trip Coil
DC supply
 Various types of CBs :

(i) Miniature CB
(ii) Air Break CB
(iii) Air Blast CB
(iv) Oil CB
(v) SF6 CB
(vi) Vacuum CB
Sulphur Hexafluoride Circuit Breakers
The SF6 is an electro-negative gas and has a
strong tendency to absorb free electrons.
The contacts of the breaker are opened in a high
pressure flow of SF6 gas and an arc is struck
between them.
The conducting free electrons in the arc are
rapidly captured by the gas to form relatively
immobile negative ions.
This loss of conducting electrons in the arc
quickly builds up enough insulation strength to
extinguish the arc.
Advantages of using SF6 Circuit breaker

Very short arcing time.


Can interrupt much larger currents.
Noiseless operation due to its closed gas
circuit.
No moisture problem.
No risk of fire since SF6 gas is non-
inflammable
Low maintenance cost.
No carbon deposits so that tracking and
insulation problems are eliminated.
Disadvantages of using SF6

SF6 breakers are costly due to high cost of SF6.

SF6 gas has to be reconditioned after every


operation of the breaker, so additional
equipments are required.
Relay :
“A device that detects the fault and initiates
the operation of the Circuit breaker to isolate

the defective element from the rest of the


system”.

The relay detects the abnormal conditions in


the electrical circuits by constantly measuring
the electrical quantities which are different
under normal and faulty conditions.
HVDC TRANSMISSION
INTRODUCTION
‡Now a days large blocks of power are needed
to be transmitted.
‡There arises some technical problems
of transmitting power to such a long
distance using ac.

‡In the view of the draw backs of ac the


HVDC transmission has come into
picture.
AC transmission

Advantages
- Power can be generated at high voltages.
- Step-up/Step-down is possible.
Disadvantages
- Requires more copper.
- Due to Skin effect, the effective resistance
is increased
- Continuous loss of power due to charging
current even when the line is open.
- Requirement of Transposition of conductors.
DC transmission
Advantages

TechnicalAdvantages

- No Stability and synchronising problems.


- Asynchronous lines (Interregional ties)
- No increase in Fault level if interconnected.

- Less Corona and Radio Interference.


- Better Voltage regulation due to absence of
Inductance.
- Requires less insulation as the potential stress is

less.
Economic advantages
Low cost due to less copper requirement
‡
DC lines and cables are cheaper than ac lines or
cables.
‡
The towers of the dc lines are narrower, simpler
and cheaper compared to the towersof the ac lines.

Line losses in a dc line are lower than the losses


in an ac lines
COMPARISION BETWEEN DC AND AC
TRANSMISSION
From the graph we can see that for long-
distance distribution, HVDC systems are
less expensive and suffer lower electrical
losses.
For shorter distances, HVDC is not
economical due the higher cost of DC
conversion equipment .
TRANSMISSION MODE IN HVDC

1. MONOPOLAR
2.BIPOLAR
Monopolar: The line has one energized
conductor with the return path through the earth.
Bipolar: A bipolar transmission gives two circuits which are
almost independent of each other. Bipolar mode has one
conductor at a positive potential with respect to ground and a
second conductor operating at negative potential of the same
magnitude.
CONVERTER STATION EQUIPMENT
‡

1. Shunt Capacitors.
2. Converters.(silicon controlled rectifiers,
Thyristors)
3. Smoothing Reactor.
4. Harmonics filter equipment.
Present Scenario

India has been a pioneer developer of HVDC since


1990 when the 1000 MW Rihand-Dadri line was
commissioned in UP.
Since then many 500 MW lines have come up.
The 2000 MW Talchar-Kolar link is the biggest so
far and spans from states ; Orissa, AP, Tamilnadu
and Karnataka.
CONCLUSION
‡Recent studies indicate that HVDC systems are
very reliable.
‡The data collected from 31 utilities says that
forced unavailability of energy due to the
converter station is 1.62%

‡The scheduled unavailability of energy is


about
5.39%
THANK YOU

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