 

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 CHOOSING THE
APPROPRIATE RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY

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Experimental Study Design
Institute intervention on your sample
data

YOU Observe

Take note of the anticipated change

that may occur.

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 An experimental study design may vary depending on
the nature of the research problem that will be pursued:

Experimental study design can be categorized as the

following

 One that employs a control group

 One that is comparative
 One that employs placebo

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 One that maps out trend

 One that considers the impact only

 One that typically compares

condition before and after the
integration of the intervention

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 STEM-based research makes
use a various experimental
approaches
 An appropriate
methodology must be used to
validate hypothesis.
Your Thinking Today
Determines Your
Performance Today

How do you ensure that your plans in life becomes

successful? Cite a concrete examples of the way you
carry out you plan
 Experimental study design:

 Employs a Control Group

Serves as the baseline where the researchers may compare

results to. Both sample and control groups are subjected to
testing, which is the measurement of the dependent
variable as influenced by the intervention.

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 Experimental study design:

 Comparative design
In this type of research, several individuals samples may be
taken for testing, and then each individual sample receives
each kind of intervention.

Observations achieved for each sample are compared to

determine if there has been a change in the dependent
variables being tested.
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 Experimental study design:

 Placebo Effect

Is referred to as the patient’s “Faith” or belief ..

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Your Thinking Today
Determines Your
Performance Today

What are the things you consider when drawing up

your personal plans?
 Ethics in Data Collection:

 Plagiarism
“the appropriation of another person’s ideas, processes,
results, or words without giving appropriate credit.”
 Fabrication
“An act of composing data or results and recording or
reporting them.”.

Research Project
Your Thinking Today
Determines Your
Performance Today

What are the things you consider when drawing up

your personal plans?
Motivation of STEM - based research:
 Need to solve a peculiar problem
 Desire to advance the given field of study
 Love of work and profession
 Demand for new technologies
 Fascination with intellectually challenging situations

 Interest and fulfilment

Research Project
 Answer the following questions:
 What is a scientific research?
Methodological or systematic endeavour aimed at generating new
ideas, developing creative designs and processes, finding solutions to real-life
situations and challenges, and producing technology-based devices and
products.

 What comprises a research process?

Formulation, Manipulation, Activation, Assimilation, and
Dissemination

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 You need to sharpen your Regardless of the reason
planning and critical thinking skills for your pursuit,
remember that doing
before undertaking a research research requires
patience and critical
thinking.

Importantly, you have to envision where your scientific research will

lead you. This will includes the possible outcomes of the experiments
and tests, and the potential impact of your research on real-life
situations on a wider scale
The “trends” of approach in
STEM-based research fosters
working on scientific economic growth and incites
research is multidisciplinary formulation of scientifically sound
approach mainly because
of the complexity of most laws and policies
researches.

A multidisciplinary approach encourages an extensive collaborative effort

from various research groups from different countries. Collaborations
involve several individuals or groups of individuals with respective
expertise in various disciplinary needed in the research study
 The conduct of a scientific research can be categorized
according to the following:

1. Intended applications of the results of the study

2. Approaches adopted in the study

3. Purpose or the goal of the study

 Research can be used or applied in two ways:

1. To develop new knowledge from tested hypothesis or

2. To address a specific research problem, resulting in a new
device or a new process

The goal of a basic research is to gain new

knowledge or new understanding of a previously examined
hypothesis.

applied research aims to develop a new process or

a new economical design based on the scientific principles used..
 Research, whether basic or
applied, plays specific functions,
adopt different approaches, and
realize specific goals.

To illustrate the difference between the two , examine the following titles
(with a brief overview of what the research was about)
1. Liu, Rui and Pei Liang. “ Determine of gold by nanometer titanium
dioxide immobolized on silica gel packed microcolumn and flame atomic
absorption spectrometry in geological and water samples,” Analytica
Chimica Acta, no. 604(2007):114-118
The research produced a new form of knowledge from common chemical
materials. Therefore, this is called a basic or pure research, fulfilling the
“proof-of-concept” nature of the study
2. Guo, Qiang, Jingkui Qu, Bingbing Han, Peiyu Zhang,. “Innovative
technology for processing saprolitic laterite ores by hydrochloric acid
atmospheric pressure leaching.” Minerals Engineering, no. 71 (2015): 1-6
Described the innovative process that resulted in the efficient extraction
of nickel and iron in saprolite ores. The research resulted in a new
technology, it is thus an applied research.
 A scientific research can also be classified according to the
mode of approach applied in the study.

 A research may employ a quantitative approach, a qualitative

approach, or a combination of the two, which is called the
mixed approach.
 A quantitative approach follows a carefully chosen set of
procedure to measure variables and establish a cause-and-
effect relationship among several factors.
“This offers objectivity in the results”.
 A qualitative approach is generally descriptive in nature, as it
deals more with the perception, opinions, views, or sensory
tests of the subjects obtained via interview, survey, etc. than
actual measurement typical in a scientific experiment.
“Thus, it can be subjective”.

A clear distinction between the two can be illustrated through

their suitability to the nature or theme of the research problem
 Nature of the study, which may also be incorporated in STEM-
based research. Basically, a typical research endeavor is
pursued for any of the following reasons:

To describe the current or condition of a specific problem,

To explain the occurrence of a natural phenomenon,

To explore subjects or issues with limited information;

To correlate various factors to be able to account for a cause-

effect relationship and an underlying mechanism, among
others.
 formulate

disseminate STEM-based manipulate

Research

assimilate activate

Fig. 1.1 The basic cycle of a STEM-based research

 As shown in the figure:

The research problem or question has to be formulated

first. The problem must have a strong or firm foundation to elicit a
deliberate and systematic approach.

To come up with a
sensible inquiry, you
have to do an
extensive literature
survey first.
Literature may either strengthen or weaken what is already playing
in your mind about a specific subject matter.
A scientific literature review, in particular,
brings about clarity and direction to your
research problems and provides you with
additional information on how to address it,
thus affirming the need to pursue the study
The next step is
to manipulate the background information to create
or adopt a research design

A research design is an action plan that details how objectives can

be attained and how the research problem can be addressed
The main goals of a research design
are to provide an outline of the
strategies to be employed for data
collection, standard procedures to be
adopted to test the hypothesis, and
analytical techniques to be used for
evaluating data.
Research designs provides answers to questions such as the
following:

1. What type of sample needs to be considered in the study?

2. Where do you obtain those samples?
3. Are you going to develop your own analytical methodology?
4. Are your procedures standardized?
5. How do you plan on evaluating data generated from your
study?
6. How many people or researchers will be involved in the study?
After identifying the research design to adopt, the next step is
to “ activate” or validate your hypothesis through
experimentation, computations, modelling, and pilot
testing, which is the usual case for a scientific
research.
Rigorous mathematical testing and measurements
using analytical techniques often aid the data-
gathering process. Data are gathered at this stage.
 The accumulated data are then subjected to assimilation.

In this stage, data collected are evaluated based on completeness

and reliability.

For a STEM-based research, apply a statistical

treatment on data generated for the final analysis of
the hypothesis.

Statistics will facilitate the decision whether the

hypothesis is to be rejected or not.

Finally, once the research process is finished,

 The over all results must be disseminated through a
science-related publication, or be featured in an article of a peer-
reviewed, International Scientific Indexing (ISI)-abstracted journal.

The whole research process is a never-ending cycle unless new

information or technology is deemed acceptable within philosophical
bounds.
 Dissemination of results can also be
made through presentations in technical
conferences, symposiums, and
meetings.
 You have to remember these
five words for a successful STEM-based
research: formulate, manipulate,
active, assimilate, and disseminate.
 General problem to specific
problem
ENHANCING READING LEVEL OF BINGA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
GRADE SEVEN LEARNERS THROUGH ELECTRONIC VIRTUAL
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS

General Problem: The research generally aims/find the effect of……

Declarative Form. Getting the title and restate….
Specific Problem: It aims to answer the following questions:
1…. ?
2…. ?
Interrogative Form. Identify the parameters….
Intervention:
Action intended for better

Innovation:
Changes and fit the level of targets.

Strategy:
Structure on how are you going to
deliver the process.