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R: Introduction: Kedar Kelkar

R can be used for statistical analysis and graphing and was developed from the S language at Bell Labs; it has a simple syntax and stores objects in memory, allowing commands to be run interactively; while the base R environment includes many classical techniques, additional functionality is available through packages.

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Naomi Saha
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65 views24 pages

R: Introduction: Kedar Kelkar

R can be used for statistical analysis and graphing and was developed from the S language at Bell Labs; it has a simple syntax and stores objects in memory, allowing commands to be run interactively; while the base R environment includes many classical techniques, additional functionality is available through packages.

Uploaded by

Naomi Saha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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R: Introduction

Kedar Kelkar
History of R
• R can be regarded as an implementation of the S language which was
developed at Bell Laboratories by Rick Becker, John Chambers and
Allan Wilks.

• R is an environment within which many classical and modern


statistical techniques have been implemented.

• Some of these techniques are directly built into the base R


environment. But many are supplied as packages.
 R creates a wide variety of graphs

 Completely customizable in terms of graph type, colors, legends,


size background, scale, grids, etc.
R Programming not for non-programmers?
• R is an interpreted language, not a compiled one
• Commands can be run directly, without writing the entire program.
• Compiled languages include C

• Syntax is very simple


• The syntax for sum is sum, mean is mean, median is median.
• Defining variables and using functions is very intuitive
• For complex functions, we need to install packages. These packages are free
and stored in a R library in the local system
R Programming not for non-programmers?
• Created objects are held in the memory
• You can access all the objects using the command ls()

• The collection of these objects is called the workspace.

• This workspace is not saved on disk unless you tell R to do so. This means
that your objects are lost when you close R.

• If you save the workspace then all the objects in your current R session are
saved in a file .RData.
Installing R and R Studio
• Visit the following website:
• https://cran.r-project.org/bin/windows/base/
• Right-click the installer file and RUN as administrator.
• Follow the instructions for installation.

• Downloading RStudio
• https://www.rstudio.com/products/rstudio/download/#download
Interactive Mode in R
• Interactive mode is the most basic way of functioning in R.
• You type commands and immediately get results out of it.

• Using R as a calculator

• On the console, simply start


typing out mathematical
operations to get results.
• R follows BODMAS
Computation in R
• Addition: 2+3
• Subtraction: 2-3 R follows BODMAS

• Multiplication: 2*3
• Division: 2/3
• Exponential: 2**3 or 2^3
• Remainder: 2%%3

1) 3+5+7*7-50/5
2) (3+5) + (7*7) - (50/5)
Computation in R
• Range

• Range operator is given by colon (:)


• 1:5 implies 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

• Addition and Range can be used together

• 3+1:5 implies 3+c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)


• R would return the following: c(4, 5, 6, 7, 8)
Defining Variables
• In R, data objects can be assigned with a names.
• These names are case sensitive and may contain alphanumeric
characters (a-z,A-z,0-9), the dot (.) and underscore(_).

• Names that start with a digit or an underscore (e.g. 1a), numerical


expressions (e.g. .11), dashes ('-') or spaces, can only be used when they are
quoted: `1a` and `.11`.

• All other combinations of alphanumeric characters, dots and underscores can


be used freely without the need of backticks.

• Names can be as long as you want


Defining Variables
• Variable names are defined using the assignment operator (<-)

Note the

1) Assignment symbol
2) Case Sensitivity of R software.
Data Structures
• Vectors
• They are a Sequence of Objects
• One vector contains only one class of objects
Numerical Vector: v1 <- c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
String Vector: v2 <- c(“a”, “b”, “c”)

• Matrix
• One can define matrices of any number of rows and columns
matrix1 <- matrix(data=c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12), nrow = 4, ncol = 3)
Data Structures
• Lists
• R list is the object which contains elements of different types – like strings,
numbers, vectors and another list inside it.

• Data Frames
• A data frame is used for storing data tables. It is a list of vectors of equal
length.
Matrix and List
Data Frames
mpg Miles/(US) gallon

cyl Number of cylinders

disp Displacement (cu.in.)

hp Gross horsepower

drat Rear axle ratio

wt Weight (1000 lbs)

qsec 1/4 mile time

vs Engine (0 = V-shaped, 1 = straight)

am Transmission (0 = automatic, 1 = manual)

gear Number of forward gears

carb Number of carburettors


Practice Question 1
• Step 1: Create two 2X2 matrices and store them in variables m1 and m2.

• Step 2: Find sum of the two and store the result in m3

• Step 3: Multiply m1 by 3

• Step 4: Find value of 3m1-m2 and store it in m4

• Step 5: Multiply m4 and m1 (Tip: Use m4 %*% m3)


Practice Question 2
• Create a list of 5 variables

• V1 should be a string vector containing names Year, GDP Growth,


Employment Growth, Savings Rate, Inflation Rate

• V2 should be a matrix containing values assigned to them (put


whatever numbers you think)

• Create a list using V1 and V2


Practice Question 3
• Define a vector vec1 for 6 numerical elements

• Addition:
• Add 3 to vec1
• Multiplication
• Multiply the vector by 5

• Define another vector vec2 of 5 elements. Add vec1 and vec2.


• Add 3rd element of vec1 and 4th element of vec2
Break Time 
Measures of Central Tendency
• Arithmetic Mean:
• The sum of all observations divided by the number of observations
• function mean(x)

• Median
• The positional center of the data set
• function median(x)

• Mode
• The observations which occurs with the highest frequency
• No in-built function for mode in R
Measures of Central Tendency
• Geometric Mean
• Unlike arithmetic mean, geometric mean uses products to find the mean.
• No in-built function
• prod(x)^(1/length(x))

• Harmonic Mean
• Reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals of x
• No in-built function.
Practice Question 4
• Discuss the Pseudo Code for the Harmonic mean.

• Check the validity of the formula of the relationship between the


three types of means

• Prove: AM * HM = (GM)^2
Reading csv files in R
• data <- read.csv(file.choose())

• Homework
Find how to find median when frequencies and classes are given.
R Help
• ? For local search
• ?? For search in the entire documentation

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