ELEMENTS OF

MATHEMATICAL
STATISTICS
 ELEMENTS OF
MATHEMATICAL
STATISTICS
GENERAL NOTIONS

Mathematical statistics is a set of methods that are used to collect, analyze

group and interprete data concerning a certain phenomenon and predict its
future evolution.
THE STATISTICAL POPULATION is a definite set of similar objects.
Elements of a statistical population are called statistical units or individuals.
The part of the entire population for which the statistical analysis is made
is called sample.
CHARACTERISTIC ( or variable ) is the common feature of statistical
population which we study in the statistical analysis.
Characteristics are :
- quantitative – if we can measure them (average , height)
- qualitative – if we can`t measure them ( eyes color) .
 ELEMENTS OF
MATHEMATICAL
STATISTICS
THE QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS can be :
- discontinuous – if the variable takes a finite number of values
- continuous – if the variable takes any value from a finite or
infinite interval
For example : the average mean in mathematics takes values: 1, 2, …, 10
and is a discontinuous characteristic and height can take any value in a
finite interval and is a continuous characteristic.
STAGES OF A STATISTICAL STUDY (survey)
- collecting data
- presenting data in a table from which expresses answers, allows
comparing and classifying
- representing data
- calculating specific parameters
- interpreting data
 ELEMENTS OF
MATHEMATICAL
STATISTICS
TOTAL EFFECTIVE is the total number of the units of a statistical population.

ABSOLUTE FREQUENCY of a value of the characteristic is the number of units

corresponding to this value

RELATIVE FREQUENCY of a value is the fraction between the absolute

frequency and the total effective.

CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY ( increasing ) of a value of the characteristic is

the sum of all relative frequencies of values up to and including this value
 ELEMENTS OF
MATHEMATICAL
STATISTICS
GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF DATA

Representation of statistical series with discontinuous quantitative variable:

- by columns (on the horizontal axis – values of the variable

on the vertical axis - values of absolute frequency ).

Representation of statistical series with continuous quantitative variable:

- by histogram ( on the horizontal axis- succession of segments

proportional to the length of classes; there are built rectangles having these
segments as bases and height proportional to the absolute frequencies ) .

EXEMPLES 1 2 3
 ELEMENTS OF
MATHEMATICAL
STATISTICS
Representation of statistical series with qualitative variable :

- by structural rectangle ( it is divided into rectangles of areas

proportional to relative frequencies ) ,

- by structural circle ( it is divided into circle sectors with areas

proportional to relative frequencies ) ,

- diagrams with columns or bands ( rectangles with equal bases and

heights proportional to the absolute frequencies, placed at equal distances
from each other ).

EXEMPLES 4 5 6 7
 ELEMENTS OF
MATHEMATICAL
STATISTICS
CHARACTERISTIC ELEMENTS OF A STATISTICAL SERIES
The tables with the values of the characteristic and the corresponding
absolute frequencies define the distribution of the statistical repartition
of the statistical variable and represent a statistical series with only one
variable.

THE AVERAGE
Considering the statistical variable x taking the values x1 , x2 , x3 , … xk
with the corresponding effectives n1 , n2 , n3 , … nk
Definition We call the average of the characteristics the number

_ n1 x1 +n2 x2+…+nkxk
x= ———————————
n1 +n2 +…+nk

EXEMPLU
 ELEMENTS OF
MATHEMATICAL
STATISTICS
~
Definition THE MEDIAN x , is a value for which half of the values xi are
smaller or equal and the other half of the values xi are bigger or equal to
that.

Definition THE MODULUS ( or THE DOMINANT ) of a statistical series is

the value of the characteristic corresponding to the highest frequency, in
case of discontinuous values and the main value of the class corresponding
to the highest frequency in case of continuous values.
Marks in Mathematics
6 7
10
8 9
9
5
8

4
10
3

2
4
1

0
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 8 10 10 9 9 3

BACK TABLE
Marks in Mathematics
Students
Relative Cumulative
Marks Absolute frequency(fr ) frquency(fc )
frequency(fa )
4 1 0.02 0.02
5 8 0.16 0.18
6 10 0.20 0.38
7 10 0.20 0.58
8 9 0.18 0.76
9 9 0.18 0.94
10 3 0.06 1.00

BACK CHART
Height

15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
150- 155- 160- 165- 170- 175-
155 160 165 170 175 180

BACK TABLE
Height
Students
Relative Cumulative
Height Absolute frequency(fr ) frquency(fc )
frequency(fa )
4 1 0.02 0.02
5 8 0.16 0.18
6 10 0.20 0.38
7 10 0.20 0.58
8 9 0.18 0.76
9 9 0.18 0.94
10 3 0.06 1.00

BACK CHART
Distance from home to
school
10
10 9 9
9
8 7
7 6
6 5
5 4
4
3
2
1
0
0-300 300-600 600-900 900-1200 1200- 1500- 1800-
1500 1800 2100

BACK TABLE
Distance from home to
school
Students
Relative Cumulative
Distance Absolute frequency(fr ) frquency(fc )
frequency(fa )
0-300 6 0.12 0.12
300-600 9 0.18 0.30
600-900 10 0.20 0.50
900-1200 9 0.18 0.68
1200-1500 4 0.08 0.76
1500-1800 7 0.14 0.90
1800-2100 5 0.10 1.00
BACK CHART
Eye colour

Blue Green Brown Black

10% 28% 52% 10%

BACK TABLE
Eye colour

Eye colour Students

Blue 5
Green 14
Brown 26
Black 5

BACK CHART
Favourite sport

Other

Tennis
Football

Basketball

Handball

Voleyball

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

BACK TABLE
Favourite sport

Sport Students
Voleyball 15
Handball 3
Basketball 4
Football 15
Tennis 8
Other 6

BACK CHART
Favourite music
Other
14% House
22%

Rap
14%

HeavyMetal
6% Dance
24%
Symphonic
8%
Rock
12%

BACK TABLE
Favorite music

Type Students
House 11
Dance 12
Rock 6
Symphonic 4
Heavy metal 3
Rap 7
Other 7

BACK CHART
 Ja
n
Fe ua

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

BACK
br ry
ua
M ry
ar
ch
Ap
ri
l
M
Birth month

ay
Ju
ne
J
Au uly
Se g
pt us
em t
O be
N cto r
ov b
e e
D m r
ec be
em r
be
r
TABLE
Birth month
Month Students
January 3
February 2
March 7
April 4
May 5
June 4
July 4
August 2
September 4
October 6
November 4
December 5

BACK CHART
 Survey carried out by
students and staff of
National College
“August Treboniu Laurian”
Botosani
Romania