Third Republic

(Post-American Era) (1946-1972)

2ND SEMESTER
 Challenges of Third Republic
After the war, the Commonwealth
was restored pending complete
independence. With independence
from the US came the establishment
of the Third Republic of the
Philippines. The government of the
independent Republic was riddled
with graft and corruption and lost the
confidence of the people. The
corruption within the government
also resulted in the rise of the Left in
the form of the HUKBALAHAP or the
Huks. The Huks presented even more
problems to the Republic.

2ND SEMESTER
Post war Problems of the Republic
1. ECONOMIC REHABILITATION- it was the first
and greatest problem of the new republic
- Burned cities and towns
- Ruined farms and factories
- Blasted roads and bridges
- Shattered industries and commerce
- Thousands of victims

2ND SEMESTER
2. CULTURAL REHABILITATION- the war had
paralyzed the educational system
- 80 % of school buildings including their
equipment, laboratories and furniture were
destroyed.
- Valuable documents, irreplaceable historical
relics, family heirlooms and hundreds of
churches and temples were burned.

2ND SEMESTER
 3. FINANCIAL POVERTY- began to annual deficit
of over 200,000,00
-for operational expenses it had to borrow heavily
from the U.S.
4. PERTAINED TO PEACE AND ORDER
- Manila and other cities were infested with
criminal gangs who used the techniques of
American gangsters in their nefarious activities
like bank hold-ups, kidnapping and bulgaries.
- In rural regions, the HUKS terrorized the towns
and barrios like CENTRAL LUZON and Southern
Tagalog
2ND SEMESTER
Manuel Acuna Roxas
Fifth President
First President of the Independent Third
Republic of the Philippines
1946 - 1948

“If war should come, I am certain of one

thing–probably the only thing of which I
can be certain–and it is this: That America
and the Philippines will be found on the
same side, and American and Filipino
soldiers will again fight side by side in the
same trenches or in the air or at sea in the
defense of justice, freedom and other
principles which we both loved and
cherished.”

(May 28, 1946 – April 15, 1948)

He was inaugurated on July 4, 1946,
the day the U.S. government granted Nacionalista (1919–1945)
political independence to its colony. Liberal Party (1945–1948)
 Biography Achievements
• was born in Capiz (now Roxas City) • greatest achievements, namely: the
• studied law at UP and graduated with ratification of the Bell Trade Act; the
honors in 1913. inclusion of the Parity Amendment in the
• he topped the Bar examinations in 1913, Constitution; and the signing of the 1947
• was employed as private secretary to Military Bases Agreement
Chief Justice Cayetano Arellano • Rehabilitation and reconstruction of war-
• taught law in 1915-1916. ravanged Philippines
• started in politics when appointed as a • Improvement of the ruined economy
member of the Capiz municipal council. • Adopted the pro-American policy.
• In 1919, he was elected as governor of
Capiz.
• elected as congressman in 1922 and Problems
became House Speaker
• 1935, he was chosen as a delegate to the •Graft and corruption in the government, as
Constitutional Convention. evidenced by the “Surplus of War Property Scandal”,
• Serve also as Secretary of Finance under “Chinese Immigration Quota Scandal”, “School
Quezon’s Administration
• elected as a senator in 1941 and Supplies Scandal:
eventually became Senate President
•Failure to check the Communist HUK movement.
• he was also a reserve Major in the
Philippine Army, a liaison officer and aide-
to-camp to General Douglas MacArthur,
then later promoted to Colonel and then
Brigadier General.

2ND SEMESTER
Elpidio Rivera Quirino
Sixth President
Second President of the Third Republic
1948 - 1953

“While I recognise the United States as a great

builder in this country, I have never surrendered
the sovereignty, much less the dignity and future
of our country.”
— Elpidio Quirino

Significant Event
•Two Asian heads of state visited Philippines–President
Chiang Kai-shek of Nationalist China (Formosa) in July
1949 and President Achmed Sukarno of Indonesia in
January 1951.
•On May 26-30, 1950, upon Quirino's invitation seven
free Asian nations held the Baguio Conference of 1950
to discuss common problems of Asian peace and
security. (November 16, 1890 – February 29,
•Korean War and over 7,450 Filipino soldiers were sent
to Korea under the designation of the Philippine 1956)
Expeditionary Forces to Korea or PEFTOK

2ND SEMESTER
Early life and career Early Political Career
• born in Vigan, Ilocos Sur to Don Mariano •elected as member of the Philippine House of
Quirino of Caoayan and Dona Gregoria Representatives from 1919 to 1925,
Mendoza Rivera of Aringay •Senator from 1925 to 1931
• spent his early years in Aringay, La Union. •Secretary of Finance and Secretary of the
• spent his elementary education to his Interior in the Commonwealth government.
native, Caoayan, Ilocos Sur and were he •In 1934, a member of the Philippine
became a barrio teacher. Independence mission to Washington D.C.,
• He received secondary education at Vigan headed by Manuel L. Quezon that secured the
High School passage in the United States Congress of the
• worked as junior computer in the Bureau Tydings-McDuffie Act.
of Lands and as property clerk in the •After the war, Quirino continued public
Manila police department. service, becoming president pro tempore of the
• graduated from Manila High School in Senate.
1911 and also passed the civil service •In 1946, he was elected first vice president of
examination, first-grade. the independent Republic of the Philippines,
• attended the University of the Philippines. serving under Manuel Roxas. He also served as
In 1915, he earned his law degree from secretary of state.
the university's College of Law, and was
admitted to the bar later that year.
• engaged in the private practice of law

2ND SEMESTER
 Problems
Two main objectives of his •Lack of Funds
administration: •HUK Problem: Terrorism and Disruption of Peace and
•the economic reconstruction of order.
•Graft and corruption in his government, as revealed in
the nation theTambobong-Buenavista scandal, the Import Control
•the restoration of the faith and Anomalies, the Caledonia Pile Mess and the Textbook
confidence of the people in the Racket;
•Wasteful spending of the people's money in
government.
extravagant junkets abroad;
•Creation of PACSA: •Failure of government to check the Huk menace which
President’s Action Committee made travel in the provinces unsafe, as evidenced by the
on Social Amelioration killing of former First Lady Aurora Quezon and her
companions on April 21, 1949 by the Huks on the
•Creation of ACCFA: Bongabong-Baler road, Baler, Tayabas (no part of Aurora
Agricultural Credit province).
Cooperatives Financing •Economic distress of the times, aggravated by rising
unemployment rate, soaring prices of commodities, and
Administration
unfavorable balance of trade. Quirino's vaunted "Total
•Excellence in Foreign Economic Mobilization Policy" failed to give economic
Relations. relief to the suffering nation.
•Frauds and terrorism committed by the Liberal Party
moguls in the 1947, 1949 and 1951 elections.

2ND SEMESTER
 Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay
Seventh President
Third President of the Third Republic
1953 - 1957

“The office of the President is the highest in the

land. It can be the humblest also, if we regard it —
as we must — in the light of basic democratic
principles. The first of these principles is the
declaration of the Constitution that "sovereignty
resides in the people and all government authority
emanates from them." This simply means that all of
us in public office are but servants of the people.”

He is known as president of the masses.

(August 31, 1907 - March 17, 1957)
He was sworn into office wearing the Barong
Tagalog, a first by a Philippine president.
During his term, he made Malacañáng Palace
literally a "house of the people", opening its gates He was killed in a plane crash before the
2ND SEMESTER end of his term.
to the public.
 Early life Achievements
• born in Iba, Zambales on August 31, •Agrarian Reform
1907 to Exequiel Magsaysay, a established the National Resettlement and
blacksmith, and Perfecta del Fierro, a Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) to
schoolteacher. resettle dissidents and landless farmers. It was
• He entered the University of the particularly aimed at rebel returnees providing
Philippines in 1927.
home lots and farmlands in Palawan and
• He worked as a chauffeur to support
himself as he studied engineering; Mindanao.
later •Savior of democracy in the Philippines
• transferred to the Institute of •Man of the Masses
Commerce at Jose Rizal College •Stopped the HUK communist rebellion
(1928-1932), where he received a •Improved the conditions of the barrios
baccalaureate in commerce.
•Constructed roads, bridges, irrigation canals
• He then worked as automobile
mechanic and shop superintendent. •Established the SEATO: Southeast Asia
• he joined the motor pool of the 31st Treaty Organization
Infantry Division of the Philippine •Imposed high moral standard for public
army during WW2. officials
• Congressman under Pres Roxas’
Administration and serve as Chairman
of the House National Defense
Committee
Problems
• Secretary of National Defense during
Pres Quirino’s Administration •Impending projects
•Lack of enough funds
•Graft and corruption
2ND SEMESTER
 Carlos Polistico Garcia
Eight President Fourth
President of the Third Republic
1957 - 1961

“As a people, we prize highly the moral and

spiritual values of life. But the realities of
the moment have made us more
preoccupied with economic problems
chiefly concerning the material values of
national life.”

known for his "Filipino First" policy,

which put the interests of the Filipino
people above those of foreigners and of
the ruling party.
(November 4, 1896 – June 14, 1971)
was a Filipino teacher, poet, orator, lawyer,
public official, and guerrilla leader.

2ND SEMESTER
 Early Life Significant events in their term:
• born in Talibon, Bohol to Policronio García and • He assumed the presidency the day after Ramon
Ambrosia Polestico Magsaysay's death. After Garcia finished
• his father serving as a municipal mayor for four Magsaysay's term, he was elected president in
terms. his own right.
• primary education in Talibon, • President Garcia is most remembered most for
• secondary education in Cebu Provincial High his Austerity Program and Filipino First Policy.
School. His Austerity Program was aimed at curbing
• took law courses at Silliman University in graft and corruption within the government.
Dumaguete City.
• studied in Philippine Law School (now Philippine • Problems during his Presidency:
College of Criminology) and earned his degree in • Although it was not very successful, it did help
1923. He was among the top ten in the bar to restore trust between the people and the
examination. government.
• he worked as a teacher for two years at Bohol • He was among the founders of the Association
Provincial High School. for Southeast Asia (1963)
• became famous for his poetry in Bohol, where
he earned the nickname "Prince of Visayan • He was the precursor of the Association for
Poets" and the "Bard from Bohol". Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
• 1925-1931 as Congressman of Third District of
Bohol
• 1931-1946 governor of Bohol. He served as
provincial governor for two terms.
• He became a member of the congress in 1946,
and was elected three times to the senate for
three consecutive terms from 1941 to 1953.
• Garcia was the running mate of Ramon
Magsaysay in the presidential election of 1953.
• He was appointed Secretary of Foreign Affairs by
President Ramon Magsaysay, for four years
concurrently serving as vice-president.

2ND SEMESTER
Successes of each President after their term:
• The Filipino First Policy put the rights of Problems
Filipinos above those of foreigners (This •Graft and corruption
favored the Filipino businessmen in •Lack of treasury funds
contrast to foreign investors. This meant, •Huge national debt
foreigners could invest capital up to 40% •Impending projects
in a business or industry while the
remaining 60% would be owned by
Filipino citizens.)
• Garcia's policies aimed at boosting the
economy and obtaining greater economic Garcia ran for president again in the 1961
independence. Garcia also aimed at elections but lost to Vice-President Diosdado
reviving old Filipino cultural traditions Macapagal. On June 1, 1971, Garcia was
which might have become extinct as the elected delegate of the 1971 Constitutional
result of the adoption of Spanish and
Convention and chosen as president. He
American cultures through colonization.
died two weeks later from a heart attack.

2ND SEMESTER
Diosdado Pangan Macapagal
Ninth President
Fifth President of the Third Republic
1961 - 1965

“Our first mission is the solution of the

problem of corruption. We assume
leadership at a time when our nation is in
the throes of a moral degeneration
unprecedented in our national history.”

"Poor boy from Lubao"

"The Incorruptible"

Diosdado Macapagal is of royal blood due to (September 28, 1910 – April 21, 1997)
descent from their great-great-grandfather: Don
Juan Macapagal (A prince of Tondo) who was a
great-grandson of the last reigning Rajah of
2NDSelurong,
SEMESTER Rajah Lakandula.
 Early Life Political Career
• born on September 28, 1910 in Lubao, •legal assistant to President Manuel L. Quezon and
Pampanga
President Jose P. Laurel in Malacañang Palace.
• graduating valedictorian at Lubao
Elementary School, and salutatorian at •After the war, Macapagal worked as an assistant attorney
Pampanga High School. with the one of the largest law firms in the country, Ross,
• He finished his pre-law course at the Lawrence, Selph and Carrascoso.
University of the Philippines, then •President Manuel Roxas appointed him to the Department
enrolled at Philippine Law School in of Foreign Affairs as the head of its legal division.
1932, studying on a scholarship and
supporting himself with a part-time job •In 1948, President Elpidio Quirino appointed Macapagal as
as an accountant. chief negotiator in the successful transfer of the Turtle
• topping the 1936 bar examination with Islands in the Sulu Sea from the United Kingdom to the
a score of 89.95% Philippines.
• After passing the bar examination, •That same year, he was assigned as second secretary to the
Macapagal was invited to join an Philippine Embassy in Washington, D.C. In 1949, he was
American law firm as a practicing
attourney, a particular honor for a elevated to the position of Counselor on Legal Affairs and
Filipino at the time.[ Treaties, at the time the fourth highest post in the Philippine
• Master of Laws degree in 1941, a Foreign Office.
Doctor of Civil Law degree in 1947, and •He first won election in 1949 to the House of
a Ph.D. in Economics in 1957. Representatives,representing a district in his home province
of Pampanga.
•In 1957 he became vice president in the administration of
President Carlos P. Garcia

2ND SEMESTER
 Presidency Problems
•During his term, Macapagal fought to suppress graft and •Acute problem in unemployment
corruption within the government and also tax evasion.
•He also aimed to stimulate the economy and placed the •Widespread mass poverty
peso in the free currency-exchange market, encouraging •Graft and corruption problem
the wealthiest families to invest. •Lack of treasury funds
•Macapagal also passed the Land Reform Bill which freed a number his reforms were blocked by
many farmers from slavery as tenant farmers.
•Another of his achievements was the forming of the Nacionalista dominated Senate and
Maphilindo (Malaysia, the Philippines and Indonesia) House of Representatives.
through a foreign policy. This paved the way for the
creation of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN).
•It was Macapagal who changed the Independence Day to
June 12 from July 4.The first celebrations commemorating
independence from Spain were held in 1962.
•Among the most significant achievements of Macapagal
as president were the abolition of tenancy and
accompanying land reform program in the Agricultural
Land Reform Code of 1963.
•In 1971, he was elected president of the constitutional
convention that drafted what became the 1973
constitution.

2ND SEMESTER
 Ferdinand Emmanuel
Edralin Marcos
Tenth President
Sixth President of the Third Republic
1965-1986

“This nation can be great again. This I have said

over and over. It is my articles of faith, and Divine
Providence has willed that you and I can now
translate this faith into deeds.”

in 1949, he said:
“Elect me your congressman now and I’ll
give you an Ilokano President in 20 years.”
•(September 11, 1917 – September 28,1989)

It is generally known that Marcos had the most infrastructure and

constitutional accomplishments, which were equivalent to those of all former
presidents of the Philippines.
2ND SEMESTER
 Early life and career Plans for economic development and
• born on September 11, 1917, in
Sarrat, Ilocos Norte good government/ Achievements
• named after Ferdinand VII of Spain First term (1965-1969)
and baptized into the Philippine •immediate construction of roads, bridges and public
Independent Church. works, which included 16,000 kilometers of feeder
• a champion debater at the UP;also roads, some 30,000 lineal meters of permanent
participated in boxing, swimming and
wrestling. bridges,
• 1939-cum laude with a law degree •a generator with an electric power capacity of one
from the U.P. College of Law; was million kilowatts (1,000,000 kW),
elected to the Pi Gamma Mu •water services to eight regions and 38 localities.
international honor society. • revitalization of the judiciary, the national defense
• passed the bar examination with one posture and the fight against smuggling, criminality,
of the highest scores in history, while
also writing an 800-page defense. and graft and corruption in the government.
• 1941-serve as part of military against •mobilized the manpower and resources of the
Japanese and became one of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) for action to
victim of Bataan Death March complement civilian agencies
•hired technocrats and highly educated persons to
form part of the cabinet and
•It was during his first term that the North Diversion
Early political career Road (now, North Luzon Expressway) was constructed
•Congressman for 3 terms with the help of the AFP engineering construction
•Senator; served as minority floor leader battalion.
before gaining the Senate presidency. •Vietnam War; over 10,450 Filipino soldiers were sent
•established a record for having introduced to South Vietnam under the designation of PHLCAAG
a number of significant bills, many of which or Philippines Civil Affairs Assistance Group.
found their way into the republic's statute
books

2ND SEMESTER
Second Term 1969-1972
• reelected because of his impressive performance
• In 1969, the Philippines experienced higher inflation rate and devaluation of the Philippine peso.
• the oil-producing Arab countries decided to cut back oil production, in response to Western military aid
to Israel in the Arab-Israeli conflict, resulting in higher fuel prices worldwide.
• The communal violence in Mindanao resulted in 100,000 refugees, burning of hundred of homes, and the
death of hundreds of Christians and Muslims in Cotabato and Lanao.
• an economic crisis brought by external and internal forces, a restive and radicalized studentry demanding
reforms in the educational system, a rising tide of criminality, subversion by the re-organized Communist
movement, and secession in the south.
• On August 21, 1971, following the bombing of the Liberal Party proclamation rally in Plaza Miranda,
President Marcos issued Proclamation No.889 suspending the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus.

Martial law and the New Society

“It is easier perhaps and more comfortable to look back to the solace of a familiar and mediocre past. But the
times are too grave and the stakes too high for us to permit the customary concessions to traditional democratic
processes.”
— Ferdinand Marcos, January 1973

•Marcos declared martial law on September 21, 1972, by virtue of Proclamation No. 1081. Marcos, ruling by
decree, curtailed press freedom and other civil liberties, closed down Congress and media establishments, and
ordered the arrest of opposition leaders and militant activists

•constitutional convention in 1970 to replace the colonial 1935 Constitution.The new constitution went into
effect in early 1973, changing the form of government from presidential to parliamentary and allowing Marcos to
stay in power beyond 1973.

2ND SEMESTER
 Downfall
Third Term (1981-1986) • rampant corruption
“Fourth Republic” • political mismanagement by his relatives and
“We love your adherence to democratic principles and to cronies
the democratic process, and we will not leave you in • having looted billions of dollars from the
isolation.” Filipino treasury
—U.S. VP George H. W. Bush during
Ferdinand Marcos inauguration, July 1981 • notorious nepotist, appointing family
members and close friends to high positions
• June 16, 1981, six months after the lifting of martial in his cabine
law, the first presidential election in twelve years was • The Philippine government today is still
held. As to be expected, President Marcos ran and paying interests on more than US$28 billion
won a massive victory over the other candidates public debts incurred during his
• In 1983, Benigno Aquino, Jr. was assassinated at the administration.
Manila International Airport upon his return to the
Philippines after a long period of exile. This coalesced • Marcos's health deteriorated rapidly due to
popular dissatisfaction with Marcos and began a kidney ailments
succession of events, including pressure from the
United States. • Marcos called a snap presidential election for
• The Philippine economy suffered a great decline after 1986, with more than a year left in his term.
the Aquino assassination in August 1983. • the final tally of the National Movement for
• The political troubles also hindered the entry of Free Elections, an accredited poll watcher,
foreign investments, and foreign banks stopped showed Aquino winning by almost 800,000
granting loans to the Philippine government. votes. However, the government tally
• the economy experienced negative economic growth showed Marcos winning by almost 1.6
beginning in 1984 and continued to decline despite
the government's recovery efforts. million votes.
• rampant graft and corruption within the government • Popular sentiment in Metro Manila sided
and by Marcos' lack of credibility. with Aquino, leading to a massive,
• Marcos himself diverted large sums of government multisectoral congregation of protesters, and
money to his party's campaign funds. the gradual defection of the military to
• The unemployment rate ballooned from 6.30% in Aquino led by Marcos' cronies, Enrile and
1972 to 12.55% in 1985. Ramos.
• The "People Power movement" drove
Marcos into exile, and installed Corazon
Aquino as the new president.
 VI. Energy Self-Reliance
Indigenous energy sources were developed like hydro, geothermal,
Legacy dendrothermal, coal, biogas and biomass.
I. Food sufficiency
A. Green Revolution VII. Export Development
Production of rice was increased through promoting the
cultivation of IR-8 hybrid rice. During 1985 textile and textile products were exported
B. Blue Revolution
Marine species like prawn, mullet, milkfish, and golden VIII. Labor Reform
tilapia were being produced and distributed to farmers The Labor code was promulgated which expanded the concerns of
at a minimum cost.
the Magna Carta of Labor to extend greater protection to labor,
• C. Liberalized Credit
More than one thousand rural banks spread all over the promote employment, and human resource development.
country resulting to the accessibility of credit to finance
purchase of agricultural inputs, hired labor, and IX. Unprecedented Infrastructure Growth
harvesting expenses at very low interest rate. The country’s road network had improved from 55,778 kilometers in
• D. Decontrol Program 1965 to 77,950 in five years (1970), and eventually reached 161,000
Price control polices were implemented on rice and corn
to provide greater incentive to farmers to produce more. kilometers in 1985.
II. Education Reform
The literacy rate climbed from 72% in 1965 to 93% in X. Political Reform
1985 and almost 100% in Metro Manila on the same The structure of government established by President Marcos
year. remains substantially the same except the change of name, inclusive
of superficial features in laws, to give a semblance of change from
III. Agrarian Reform that of President Marcos regime.
Tenant’s Emancipation Act of 1972 or PD 27 was the first
Land Reform Code of our country. XI. Fiscal Reform
Government finances were stabilized by higher revenue collections
IV. Primary Health Care and loans from treasury bonds, foreign lending institutions and
The Primary Health Care (PHC) Program made medical foreign governments.
care accessible to millions of Filipinos in the remotest
barrios of the country.
V. Housing for the masses XII. Peace and Order
Bagong Lipunan Improvement of Sites and Services In 1966, more than 100 important smugglers were arrested; in three
(BLISS) Housing project had expanded the government’s years 1966-68 they arrested a total of 5,000. Military men involved in
housing program for the low-income group. smuggling were forced to retire. Peace and order significantly
improved in most provinces however situations in Manila and some
provinces continued to deteriorate until the imposition of martial law
in 1972.
2ND SEMESTER
 Maria Corazon "Cory" Sumulong Cojuangco
Aquino
Eleventh President of the Philippines
First Female President
First President of Fifth Republic
1986-1992

First elected female head of state in Asia

Best remembered for leading the 1986 EDSA

People Power Revolution, which toppled the
authoritarian regime of the late strongman
Ferdinand Marcos and restored democracy in
the Philippines

“Icon of Democracy”

(January 25, 1933 – August 1, 2009)

2ND SEMESTER
EDUCATION
Elementary and Secondary •born on January 25, 1933 to Jose Cojuangco of
• St. Scholastica's College Tarlac, a wealthy Chinese Filipino and Demetria
• Ravenhill Academy in Sumulong of Antipolo, Rizal, an ethnic Filipina
Philadelphia, United States who belongs to a politically influential clan
• Notre Dame Convent School in
New York •Married to late Sen. Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino
College •The couple produced five offsprings, four girls
• Bachelor of Arts, College of and one boy, namely: Maria Elena (Ballsy),
Mount Saint Vincent in New York Aurora Corazon(Pinky), Benigno Simeon III
(1953) (NoyNoy), Victoria Eliza (Viel) and Kristina
• Doctor of Humanities, honoris
causa, College of Mount Saint Bernadette (Kris)
Vincent, New York, Ateneo de •Declared herself as a plain housewife
Manila University, Xavier
University (Philippines) •Led the 1986 People Power Revolution
• Doctor of Humanities, honoris
causa, University of Boston, •Established Presidential Commission on Good
Fordham University, Waseda Government (PCGG) during her presidency
University (Tokyo), Far Eastern •issued Proclamation No. 3, which established a
University, and University of Sto. revolutionary government
Tomas
• Honoris Causa, Stonehill •Family Code of 1987, Administrative Code of
College (Massachusetts) 1987 (reorganized the structure of the executive
branch of government ), 1991 Local Government
Code
•Economic Management and Agrarian Reform as
2ND SEMESTER her top agenda as president
• IMPORTANT NOTES IN HISTORY
-Agreed to run for president against Marcos in
the February 7, 1986 Snap Election after her
supporters gathered a million signatures.
-Installed as the President of the Republic of the
Philippines on February 25, 1986 because of the
historic People's Power which stripped Marcos
of power.
-Took oath under Supreme Court Justice Claudio
Teehankee as President of the Philippines at
Club Filipino.
-Implemented a program of reconciliation and
freed political prisoners like Bernabe Buscayno
of the New People's Army and Jose Maria Sison
of the Communist Party of the Philippines.
-Retained the presidential form of government.
-Under her reign,a national plebiscite was held
to ratify the amendments to the 1935
Constitution on February 2, 1987,
Named Woman of the Year by Time Magazine.
-Awarded the Gawad Eleanor Roosevelt for
Human Rights
-Her popularity waned because of the people
around her who wanted to exact vengeance on
Marcos.
-Six coup d' etat aimed at overthrowing her
government took place during her reign, the
two bloodiest of which took place in 1987 and
1989.
-The country went through great problems and
calamities during her reign like the earthquake
of, July 16, 1990; Typhoon Rufing and increase in
the price of oil due to the Middle East War and
2NDthe eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991.
SEMESTER
 • Awards and achievements
Problems as President • 1986 Time Magazine Woman of the Year
• 1986 Eleanor Roosevelt Human Rights Award
•Natural disasters and calamities • 1986 United Nations Silver Medal
• 1986 Canadian International Prize for Freedom
•nine coup attempts against her • 1986 Nobel Peace Prize nominee
• 1986 International Democracy Award from the
administration International Association of Political Consultants
• 1987 Prize For Freedom Award from Liberal
•graft and corruption International
• 1993 Special Peace Award from the Aurora Aragon
•failure of the land reform Quezon Peace Awards Foundation and Concerned
Women of the Philippines
• 1994 One of 100 Women Who Shaped World
•rising prices History (by G.M. Rolka, Bluewood Books, San
Francisco, CA)
•inadequate essential public service • 1995 Path to Peace Award
• 1996 J. William Fulbright Prize for International
Understanding from the U.S. Department of State
•economic decline • 1998 Ramon Magsaysay Award for International
Understanding
• 1998 Pearl S. Buck Award
• 1999 One of Time Magazine's 20 Most Influential
Asians of the 20th Century
• 2001 World Citizenship Award
• 2005 David Rockefeller Bridging Leadership Awards
• 2005 One of the World's Elite Women Who Make a
Difference by the International Women's Forum Hall
of Fame
• 2006 One of Time Magazine's 65 Asian Heroes
• 2008 One of A Different View's 15 Champions of
World Democracy
• EWC Asia Pacific Community Building Award
• Women's International Center International
Leadership Living Legacy Award
• Martin Luther King Jr. Nonviolent Peace Prize
• United Nations Development Fund for Women Noel
Award for Political Leadership
2ND SEMESTER
Fidel Valdez Ramos
Twelfth President
Third President of the Fifth Republic
“There are no easy tasks, no soft
comforts for those chosen by
circumstances to forge from the crucible
of crisis the national destiny.”

Philippines 2000
Five-Point Program:
•Peace and Stability
•Economic Growth and Sustainable
Development
•Energy and Power Generation
•Environmental Protection
•Streamlined Bureaucracy

First Protestant President of the country

Only Filipino officer in history to have held every rank in the Philippine military from Second
Lieutenant to Commander-in-Chief
2ND SEMESTER
 Early Life
•born March 18, 1928 in Lingayen, Pangasinan •instrumental in founding the Philippine Army
Special Forces, an elite paratroop unit skilled in
• He took his elementary education in Lingayen and community development as well as fighting
secondary education at the University of the Philippines communist insurgents.
Integrated School and Centro Escolar University Integrated
School •served the Marcos regime for more than 20
years. He was head of the Philippine
•Philippine Military Academy as cadet and won a Constabulary, the country's national police force,
government scholarship to the United States Military and was one of Marcos' trusted advisers, for
Academy in West Point which he was known as a member of the Rolex
• Masters Degree in Civil Engineering in the University of 12, an elite group of loyal to Marcos himself
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he was a government •Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the
scholar in 1951 Philippines, and later Secretary of National
• licensed civil engineer in the Philippines, passing the board Defense under Pres. Aquino
exams in 1953 and finishing in the top 10.
•In 1960, he topped Special Forces-Psy Operations-Airborne
course at the United States Army Infantry School at Fort
Bragg, North Carolina
•Master's Degree in National Security Administration from
the National Defense College of the Philippines and a
Master's in Business Administration (MBA) from the Ateneo
de Manila University
•2nd Lieutenant infantry platoon leader in the Philippine
Expeditionary Forces to Korea (PEFTOK) in 1952 during the
Korean War to Chief of Staff of the Philippine Civil Action
Group to Vietnam from 1966 to 1968
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Programs
Power crisis- Ramos issued licenses to independent power producers (IPP) to construct power plants within 24
months
Economic reforms- (E-VAT law) from 4% to 10% mandated by World Bank and the International Monetary Fund;
'Philippines 2000'
Death penalty- In 1996 Ramos signed a bill that returned capital punishment with the electric chair
Peace with separatists- he signed into law Republic Act 7636, which repealed the Anti-Subversion Law. With its
repeal, membership in the once-outlawed Communist Party of the Philippines became legal
Spratly Islands- starting to claim the Islands from China
Migrant Workers Protection- enactment of Republic Act 8042, better known as the Magna Carta for Overseas
Workers or the Migrant Workers Act

Achievements Problems
•Philippine 2000 • Graft and Corruption
problems
•Southern Philippines Council for Peace • Economic Problems
and Development • High crime rate
• Charter change
•ARMM
• Clark Centennial Expo Scandal
•Peace Agreement with the MNLF • PEA-Amari Scandal
• Power crisis
•Increased foreign investments
• Spratly Islands
•APEC • Asian Financial Crisis

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 Joseph Ejercito Estrada
Thirteenth President
Third President of Fifth Republic
1998-2001

“One hundred years after Kawit, fifty years after

independence, twelve years after EDSA, and seven
years after the rejection of foreign bases, it is now the
turn of the masses to experience liberation. We stand
in the shadow of those who fought to make us free-
free from foreign domination, free from domestic
tyranny, free from superpower dictation, free from
economic backwardness.”

Gained popularity as a film actor, playing the

lead role in over 100 films in an acting career
spanning 33 years

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Early Life •entered politics in 1967 when he ran for mayor
of San Juan, a municipality of Metro Manila but
•Joseph Marcelo Ejercito, popularly proclaimed mayor in 1969, after winning an
known as Erap, was born on April 19, electoral protest against Dr. Braulio Sto. Domingo.
1937 in Tondo, the poorest district of
Manila •Senator; chairman of the senate committee on
cultural minorities and passed a bill on
•Ateneo de Manila University- high commission on ancestral domain.
school;expeled because of unruly
behavior •sponsored bills that were signed into law,
namely, The Preservation of the Carabao
•Mapúa Institute of Technology; (Republic Act no. 7307)The Construction of
engineering course, but dropped out from Irrigation Projects (Republic Act no. 6978)
studies altogether two years later. •Vice-President; chairman of the Presidential
•Began in Film at 20 years of age Anti-Crime Commission (PACC). Estrada arrested
criminal warlords and kidnapping syndicates.
•first FAMAS Hall of Fame awardee for
Best Actor (1981)
•Hall of Fame award-winner as a
producer (1983)

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 Programs Achievements
Domestic Policies
•Agrarian Reform
The administration distributed more than 266,000 hectares of land “Erap para sa Mahirap Project”
to 175,000 landless farmers, including land owned by the traditional rural elite.
(Total of 523,000 hectares to 305,000 farmers during his 2nd year as President)

•Anti-Crime Task Forces

Executive Order No.8;creation of the Presidential Anti-Organized
Crime Task Force (PAOCTF) with the objective of minimizing, if not totally
eradicating, car theft and worsening kidnapping cases in the country Problems
•Charter Change
CONCORD or Constitutional Correction for Development; would •The Philippine Daily Inquirer; bias, malice
only amend the 'restrictive' economic provisions of the constitution and fabrication" against him
that is considered as impeding the entry of more foreign investments in the
Philippines. •The Manila Times; libel suit against the
•International Relations
strengthened bilateral ties with neighboring countries; Visiting country's oldest newspaper the Manila
Forces Agreement with the United States, which was ratified in the Senate Times over a story that alleged corruption
•Economy in the awarding of a public works project
The Estrada administration is said to have a strong economic team

•War against the MILF

•BW Resources; BW Resources a small
In 2000 he declared an "all-out-war" against the Moro Islamic gaming company listed on the Philippine
Liberation Front and captured it's headquarters and other camps Stock Exchange and linked to people close
to Estrada experienced "a meteoric rise"
•Corruption charges and impeachment;
allegations of corruption spawned an
impeachment trial in the Senate, and in
2001 Estrada was ousted from power after
the trial was aborted.

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Maria Gloria Macapagal – Arroyo
Fourteenth President
Fourth President of the Fifth Republic
Second Female President
2001- Present

“I believe in leadership by example. We

should promote solid traits such as work ethic
and a dignified lifestyle, matching action to
rhetoric, performing rather than
grandstanding.”

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 Biography As Senator
• Born on April 5, 1947; Daughter of former Pres.
Diosdado Macapagal and Eva Macaraeg •Ranked as 13th and has 3 year term, 1992
• Valedictorian, Elementary and Highschool at
Assumption Convent, 1964 •Top in the election, 1995
• Magna Cum Laude, BA Economics at Assumption •400 bills, 55 sponsored or authored laws ( Anti-
College, 1968
sexual harrasment Law, the Indigenous People’s Rights
• Consistent Dean’s List, Georgetown Univ.’s Walsh
School of Foreighn Svc in Washington D.C. (Former Law, Export Dev’t Act
US Pres Bill Clinton as classmate)
• Professor of Economics 1977-1987
• Master’s Degree in Economics ADMU 1978 As Vice President
• Doctorate Degree in Economics UP 1985
•Run under Lakas CMD with Jose de Venecia
• Chairperson of Economics Dep’t. at Assumption
College •Sen Edgardo angara as opponent
• 1987, Asst. Sec of DTI
•1st Female Vice President
•Sec of DSWD (resigned in 2000 because of allegation
against Pres. Estrada

President, 1st Term 2001-2004

•Became President through EDSA 2
“Strong Republic”
•Sworn as President by Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr.
-strong bureaucracy
•International community expressed that Arroyo with
-lowering crime rates the church and business elites were an opportunist of
-increasing tax collection post and planned well the coup

-improving economic growth •May 1, 2001 EDSA 3 against arroyo administration;

Manila was declared in State of Rebellion
-intensifying counter-terrorism efforts
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Oakwood Mutiny 2nd Term, 2004-Present
•July 27, 2003 •Dec 2002- Arroyo announced that she will not run for Pres
in 2004 Election but 10 months after she reversed her
•Led by Lt. Antonio Trillanes decision.
IV, Army Capt. Gerardo
•2004 Presidential Election- FPJ, Ping Lacson, Raul Roco and
Gambala of the Phil. Navy Eddie Villanueva as her opponent
•Arroyo Administration was •Issues as President after 2004 Election
going to proclaim Martial Law
•“Hello Garci Tape”
and issue of corruption
•State of Emergency under Proclamation No. 1017
•Manila Peninsula Rebellion
•NBN ZTE Deal
•-32 Satisfaction rate as of 1st quarter of 2009, lowest
rate among the presidents
•Impeachment complaints
•Extra-judicial killings

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 President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo's 10-
Programs point Agenda
•Economy- 5% GDP, highest percentage than 3 1. The creation of six million jobs in six years via more
opportunities given to entrepreneurs, tripling of the amount of
previous administartion loans for lending to small and medium enterprises and the
•EVAT- economic reform agenda, Nov 2005 development of one to two million hectares of land for
agricultural business.
•International Relations 2. The construction of new buildings, classrooms, provision of
•Philippine as No.1 ally of USA desks and chairs and books for students and scholarships to
poor families,
•Foreign Policy is anchored on building strong 3. The balancing of the budget,
ties with nations where OFW work and live
4. The "decentralization" of progress around the nation through
•RP as host of 12th ASEAN Summit in Cebu City the use of transportation networks like the roll-on, roll-off and
the digital infrastructure,
5. The provision of electricity and water supply to barangays
nationwide,
•Domestic Relations
6. The decongestion of Metro Manila by forming new cores of
•Charter Change-federal parliamentary-unicameral government and housing centers in Luzon, Visayas and
form of government Mindanao,
7. The development of Clark and Subic as the best international
•EO 464- forbidding gov’t officials w/0 Arroyo’s
service and logistic centers in the region,
consent in congressional inquiries
8. The automation of the electoral process
•Estrada pardon last Oct 25, 2007
9. A just end to the peace process, and
10. A fair closure to the divisiveness among the Edsa 1, 2 and 3
forces.

2ND SEMESTER
 Awards / Commendations / Citations:
Magazine, Public Eye Magazine,
Trade Union Congress of the
Philippines, and by Emil Jurado
(Manila Standard Columnist)
Woman of the Year, Catholic
Education Association of the
Philippines
Ulirang Ina, Ulirang Ina Awards
Committee, 13 May 2001
One of Asia’s Most Powerful
Women, Asiaweek
Making a Difference for Women –
Women of Distinction Award,
Soroptimist International of the
Philippines Region, 30 May 2003
Most Distinguished Alumna,
University of the Philippines
Alumni Association (UPAA), 16
June 2001

2ND SEMESTER
 BENIGNO AQUINO III
2010-2016
PILIPINAS NATIN
• a campaign that seeks to
harness the spirit of People
Power to boost the
partnership between
government and the Filipino
people toward progress and
development.

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 AQUINOMICS
“economics of business confidence”
 aims to create an environment that will give the private
sector confidence to put in their money, generate jobs,
accelerate economic growth and sustain it.

FOUR PILLARS
1. Fiscal sustainability and macroeconomic stability
2. Private and Public Partnership ( PPP )
3. Ease in doing business, for both local and foreign
investors
4. Investment in people – giving Filipinos health care,
education and the skills necessary to become
“productive participants in the economy
2ND SEMESTER
 PROGRAMS IN AGRICULTURE

2ND SEMESTER
 RODRIGO ROA DUTERTE (2016-
presenty)

2ND SEMESTER
• Rodrigo Roa Duterte, KGCR, also known as
Digong and Rody, is a Filipino politician who is
the 16th and current President of the
Philippines and the first from Mindanao, to
hold the office. He is the chair of the ruling
PDP–Laban party. Taking office at 71 years old
in June 2016, Duterte is the oldest person to
assume the Philippine presidency; the record
was previously held by Sergio Osmeña at the
age of 65
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• Duterte studied political science at the Lyceum
of the Philippines University, graduating in
1968, before obtaining a law degree from San
Beda College of Law in 1972. He then worked
as a lawyer and was a prosecutor for Davao
City, before becoming vice mayor and,
subsequently, mayor of the city in the wake of
the Philippine Revolution of 1986. Duterte
was among the longest-serving mayors in the
Philippines, serving seven terms and totaling
more than 22 years in office
2ND SEMESTER
 ACHIEVEMENTS
1. Taxes- Bigger take-home pay with some
compromise – that’s what this tax reform is all
about. As the tax paying workers in the country
pocket bigger tax savings, the government will
be losing a huge chunk of revenue from income
tax collection. “Build! Build! Build!”PROGRAM
(TRAIN Law)

2ND SEMESTER
• 2. Education- the Free Tuition Fee Law is
perhaps the Duterte Administration’s most
positive achievements to date. In his effort to
bridge this gap between the poor and
education, Duterte signed “The Universal
Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act”
or Republic Act 10931 on August 3, 2017. The
law aims to waive school fees to provide an
opportunity for every Filipino to earn a higher
education and a degree in State Universities
and Colleges (SUCs) and Local Universities and
Colleges (LUC).

2ND SEMESTER
• According to the data from the Philippine News Agency,
close to 900,000 Filipino students who enrolled in 112 SUCs
for the academic year 2017-2018 benefited from the PHP8
billion Grant of Free Tuition in SUCs, while kindergarten
enrolment has increased from 65% in 2016 to 84% in 2017.
• Around 1.3 million students enrolled in SUCs and LUCs will
finally enjoy free tuition and miscellaneous fees beginning
the academic year of 2018-2019 while 300,000 poor
students will also earn tertiary education subsidy apart
from free tuition and miscellaneous fees through CHED’s
Unified Financial Assistance System for Tertiary Education
Act (UNIFAST).
• Tertiary education in the Philippines is now within reach,
even for the poor. Not only will this even out the playing
field for the younger generation to achieve a good
education, it will also lessen the burden of the parents and
students who are struggling their way through college
2ND SEMESTER
 3. Healthcare
• The Universal Healthcare bill aims to provide a
full spectrum of health services to individuals
and communities, from health promotion to
prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and
palliative care. Its proponent Joseph Ejercito
assured that this bill will provide Universal
Healthcare to all Filipinos, by lessening the
out-of-the-pocket expenses needed for
healthcare needs.
2ND SEMESTER
 4. Local business
• In his third State of the Nation Address, the President said
the state would “sustain” efforts to make doing business in
the country easier. He has consistently expressed his
disappointment towards the bureaucracy of doing business
with government agencies in the Philippines.
• This year, he was able to pass a law that will cut the red
tape in dealing with different agencies in the Philippines,
streamlining the process, making it easier and speedier in
accomplishing works. The President signed the Ease of
Doing Business Act last May, requiring government
agencies to act on applications within three days for simple
transactions, seven days for complex ones and 20 days for
the highly technical applications

2ND SEMESTER
 5. Transportation
• The transportation scene in the Philippines is basically as chaotic as
it could get. It was handed over to the administration with eight
trains barely operating, hopeless EDSA traffic, a close to 3-year
delay of license plates release, airport taxis causing troubles
frequently, and the list goes on.
• The past years have been critical for the transport scene in the
Philippines, and it still is now. Public transportation can still get
chaotic every now and then, however, some of the biggest pains
that the government faced when it first started are slowly getting
remedied.
• For instance, the Department of Transportation (DOTr) has
gradually addressed the lack of trains in the MRT while making sure
all the facilities are well maintained, from the public restrooms to
the escalators. By no means are they perfect, but for the most part
they now function as expected and facilities are tolerable. The
repair is still ongoing and according to DoTr, they may get 12 more
trains after the repairs are done this year.

2ND SEMESTER
• On the other hand, it won’t be long until car owners can let go of their
license plate receipts, as Land Transportation Office (LTO) has finally
started distributing license plates nationwide. To make sure the backlogs
are delivered as soon as possible, the government established its own
license plate manufacturing facility, which is capable of making 22,000
plates per day at full capacity.
• Jeepney modernization received a mixed reception from both the riding
public and the public transport operators. While its aim is to provide safer
and more comfortable transport to commuters, many jeepney operators
and drivers are against the modernization because of the expensive
overhead cost that it would entail. Despite that, the government has
relentlessly pushed the agenda forward, and they have just launched the
first batch of modernized jeepneys this month. These new jeepneys will
start taking on the streets across Metro Manila on July 23.
• The transportation scene in the Philippines still has a long way to go. It is
definitely lagging behind its neighboring nations such as Singapore,
Malaysia, and even Indonesia. However, the future seems to be looking
bright for the riding public as the jeepney modernization is slowly getting
realized, the train system getting expanded and is relentlessly being
enhanced, and a new subway system in the making on the horizon.
 Sources
• Halili, Maria Christine N. (2010). Philippine
History. Second Edition. Manila: Rex Book
Store.
• Zaide, Gregorio F. and Sonia M. Zaide. (2004).
Philippine History and Government. Quezon
City: All Nations Publishing Co., Inc.
• http://www.slideshare.net

2ND SEMESTER