Chapter 4

Presented by:
Val Mendoza Salapate, MAEd, LPT,

BSEd
Social Science Teacher
Socialization
Man as a social being needs
other people to survive.
The process of socialization is
very essential because it
teaches as how to behave an act
within our society.
Socialization is a continuing
process whereby an individual
acquires a personal identify
and learns the norms, values,
bahavior, and social skills
appropriate to his and her
social position.
Hence, it is a continuous
process in life.
Socialization can be described from two
points of view: Objectively and Subjectively
Objective
Socialization It refers to the society
acting upon the child.
Subjective The process by which society
Socialization
transmits is culture from one
generation to the next and
adapts the individual to the
accepted and approved ways of
organized social life.
This perspective on socialization helps identify formation
of individuals which is essential establishing his/her
social role. Likewise, it includes following functions:
Personality and It is through the process of socialization that we
Role
develop our sense of identity and belongingness
Development
Skills Development The much-needed social skills such as communication,

and Training
interpersonal, and occupational are develop.
Values Formation Individuals are influenced or engulfed by the prevailing

values of social groups and society.
Social Integration The socialization process allows us to fit-in an organized

and Adjustments
way of life by being accustomed including cultural
setting
Social Control and Integration to society binds individuals to the control
Stability mechanisms set forth by society’s norms with regard to
acceptable social relationships and social behavior.
 Socialization continues to be an
important part of human
development.It is an instrument on
how an individual will adapt to his
existing environment in order to
survive.
 Sociologists say that the culture
becomes ‘internalized’ , that the
individual ‘imbibes’ it, and that in this
way , ‘from the inside’ , it continues to
influence his conduct
Importance of Socialization
Culture
Socialization
is vital to:
Sex Role
Personality
Differentiation
Agents of Socialization
 These refer to the various social groups
or social institutions that play a
significant role in introducing and
integrating the individual as an
accepted and functioning member of
society
 The agents of socialization guide every
individual in understanding what is
happening in our society.
Agents of Socialization
Family
Mass
School
Media
Work
Church
Place
Peer
Group
The following are forms of social
norms:
• These are the customary patterns that specify what is socially correct
and proper in everyday life.
• They are the repetitive or the typical habits and patterns of expected
Folkways behavior followed within a group of community.
• They define what is morally right and morally wrong.

• These are folkways with ethical and moral significance which
Mores are strongly held and emphasized .
• These are norms that are enforced formally by a special political

organization.
• Component of culture that regulates and controls the peoples
Laws behavior and conduct.
According to Peter Worsley,
Values are general conceptions
of “the good”, ideas about the
kind of ends that people should
pursue throughout their lives
and throughout many different
activities in which they engage.
Robin William attempted to identify the major
value orientation of many societies
Achievement and
Success
Activity and Work
Moral Orientation
Humanitarianism
Efficiency and Practicality

In a study about Filipino values,Jaime
Bulatao,SJ,discovered the following values
held highly by the Filipinos
Emotional Closeness
and Security in the
Family
Authority Value
Economic and Social

Betterment
Patience,Suffering,and
Endurance
 The self responds to categories called
social statuses.
 The child must learn the categories or
statuses by which to identify or defined
himself or herself like being a daughter,
friend, student, Catholic lay evangelist,
secretary of the Book Lovers Club, etc.
 Social status refers to the position an
individual occupies in society and
implies an array of rights and duties.
Social Statues can be classified into
two;
Ascribed Statues Achieved Statues
Those which are assigned

It is acquired by choice,
to the individual from
merit, or individual effort
birth
It is made possible through

It involves little personal
special abilities or talents,
choice like age and sex
performance or opprtunities
Choice in occupation,
It carries with it certain
marriage, joining a religious
expectations of behavior
organization are example.
The essential in role playing are;
1. A definition of the role and an identification
of self.
2. Behavior in given situations appropriate to
role.
3. A background of related acts by others
(counter roles) which serves as cues to guide
specific performances
4. An evaluation by the individual and by others
of the performance of the role.
Conformity and Deviance
The identification of oneself in society is
always relative to his/her existing environment.
Social role must be performed in connection
with the expected behavior.
Erving Goffman, in his book The Presentation
of Self in Everyday Life, tried to show how
certain social processes modify the presentation
of self and the impact of role expectations on the
behavior of an individual. To Goffman, everyone
is consciously playing a role.
More so, it is a process of
conformity where
individuals attempt to
change his/her behavior
because of the desire to
conform with defined
social norm.
Kelman (1958) distinguished
between the different types of
conformity;
1. Compliance (or group acceptance)
This occurs when an individual accepts influence
because he hopes to achieve a favorable reaction
from another person or group.
2. Internalization (genuine acceptance of group norms)
This occurs when an individual accepts influence
because the content of the induced behavior-the
ideas and action of which it is composed- is
intrinsically rewarding.
A person publicly changes his behavior to fit in
with the group, while also agreeing with others privately.
3. Identification (or group membership)
This occurs “when an individual
accepts influence because he wants to
establish or maintain a satisfying self-
defining relationship to another person or
group”.
4. Ingratiational
This is when a person conforms to
impress or gain favor/acceptance from
other people.
 On the other hand,nonconformity of an
individual would mean deviation from
acceptable social norms which is known
as social deviance.Social deviance refers
to any behavior that differs or diverges
from established social norms.
 The concept of deviance is complex
because norms vary considerably cross
groups, times, and places.In other
words, what one group may consider
acceptable, another may consider
deviant.
Functions of Deviance
Ronald W. Smith and Frederick W. Preston outlined some functions
which deviance performs to support the social system in the following:
Deviance serves as an outlet for diverse forms of
expressions.
Deviance serves to define the limits of

acceptable behavior
Deviance may also promote in-group solidarity
Deviance can serve as a barometer of social

strain
Sociological Theories of Deviance
1. Functionalist Theory
According to Emile Durkheim,deviance can serve a
number of functions for society.He asserted that there
is nothing abnormal in deviance.He gave four major
functions of deviance:
A.Deviance affirms cultural values and norms.
B.Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundary
C.Responding to deviance promotes social unit
D.Deviance encourage social change
2. Strain Theory
Robert Merton argued that in an
unequal society the tension or strain
between socially approved goals and an
individual’s ability to meet those goals
through socially approved means will lead
to deviance as individuals reject either the
goals,the means,or both.
Merton gave the following forms of
deviance that emerge from strain
 A. Conformity -It involves accepting both
the cultural goal of success and the use of
legitimate means for achieving that goal.
 B. Innovation –This response involves
accepting the goal of success but rejecting
the use of socially accepted means of
achieving it, turning instead to
unconventional, illegitimate means.
 C. Ritualism –This occurs when people
deemphasize or reject the importance of
success once they realize they will never
achieve it and instead concentrate on
following or enforcing these rules than ever
was intended.
 D. Retreatism –This means withdrawal
from society,caring neither about success
nor about working.
 E. Rebellion –This occurs when people
reject and attempt to change both the goals
and the means approved by society.
3. Control Theory
Travis Hirschi assumed that
the family, school, and other
social institutions can greatly
contribute to social order by
controlling deviant tendencies
in very individual.
Social Control of Deviance
 In order to regulate nonconformity
with the social norms, society
created measures in order to limit
deviance. Social control includes the
use of behavioral restraints to
encourage people to follow set social
expectations.
These are two types of sanctions:
• These are unofficial, often cassual pressures to conform.
• Positive informal sanctions involve reward for conformity or
compliance.
Informal • Negative sanctions or informal sanctions involve penalties for not
Sanctions conforming. These may take the form of ridicule,
ostracism,rejection, or even expulsion from the group.
• These are official, institutionalized incentives to conform

and penalties for deviance.
• Tese are needed in large, complex societies.
• The criminal justice system is the most important and
Formal visible institution of social control.
Sanctions • These may take the form of arrest, pre-trial, sentencing, or
imprisonment.
Human Rights and Dignity
Human Rights are natural
rights of all human beings whatever
their nationality, religion,ethnicity,
sex, language, and color. Hence,
human rights are inalienable rights
that protect our dignity as human
beings.
These are Different Kinds of rights
people enjoy in a democratic
society;
Natural
Rights
Economic Constitutional
Rights Rights
Rights of
Human
Beings
Political Statutory
Rights Rights
Civil Rights
1. Natural Rights
These are rights inherent to man and
given to him by God as a human being.
2. Constitutional Rights
These are the rights guaranteed under
the fundamental charter of the country.
3. Statutory Rights
These are rights provided by the
lawmaking body of a country or by a law,
such as the right to receive a minimum
wage and the right to preliminary
investigation.
4. Civil Rights
These are rights specified under the
Bill of Rights, such as freedom of speech,
right to information.
5. Economic Rights
These are rights to property, whether
personal, real, or intellectual.
6. Political Rights
These are rights an individual enjoys
as a consequence of being a member of a
body politic.
 The protection of the different rights of
human beings promotes the notion of
human being.
 Dignity of human being is an essential
concept in the society as well as
morality, because through it the quality
and honor of the people can be
determined, and from the sense of
dignity the concepts of human rights
can also be measured.
Thank
You! 

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Chapter 4

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Presented by:

Val Mendoza Salapate, MAEd, LPT,

Skills Development The much-needed social skills such as communication,

Values Formation Individuals are influenced or engulfed by the prevailing

Social Integration The socialization process allows us to fit-in an organized

• They define what is morally right and morally wrong.

• These are norms that are enforced formally by a special political

Activity and Work

Efficiency and Practicality

Economic and Social

Those which are assigned

It is made possible through

Deviance serves to define the limits of

Deviance may also promote in-group solidarity

Deviance can serve as a barometer of social

• These are official, institutionalized incentives to conform

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