SATELLITE TOWNS: A satellite town or satellite city is a concept in urban POST MODERNISM: Postmodern architecture was an international style

planning that refers essentially to smaller metropolitan areas which are whose first examples are generally cited as being from the 1950s, & which
located somewhat near to, but are mostly independent of, larger continues to influence present-day architecture. Post modernity in
metropolitan areas. (1) Aims at creating economically productive, efficient, architecture is generally thought to be heralded by the return of "wit,
equitable & responsive cities in an integrated framework . (2) Focus on ornament & reference" to architecture in response to the formalism of the
economic & social infrastructure . (3) Basic services to urban poor, urban International Style of modernism. POSTMODERNISM TIME PERIOD: The
sector reforms. NEED FOR A SATELLITE TOWN: (1) Town or a city reach a term postmodernism is probably most specific & meaningful when used in
certain limit of congestion & exhaustion . (2) Land shortage, Inadequate relation to architecture, where it designates an international architectural
Transportation. (3) Challenges in management of essential infrastructure like movement that emerged in the 1960s, became prominent in the late 1970s
water supply , Sewerage, Drainage & solid waste disposal. (4) Tremendous & 80s, & remained a dominant force in the 1990s. The movement largely has
strain on the delivery of services in major cities due to the concentration of been a reaction to the orthodoxy, austerity, & formal absolutism of the
economic activities & population . (5) Need for decentralization of activities International Style. Postmodern architecture is characterized by the
so as to reduce the burden on these cities. NOIDA - A SATELLITE TOWN: The incorporation of historical details in a hybrid rather than a pure style, by the
history of development of present Noida can be traced as far back as 1972 use of decorative elements, by a more personal & exaggerated style, & by
when U.P. government noticing the increasing pressure of speculative l& references to popular modes of building. CHARACTERISTICS OF
dealings in this area, closely situated to Delhi having backward characteristics POSTMODERN ARCHITECTURE: (1) Postmodern Architecture rejects the
declared 50 villages of the erstwhile district of Bulandshahar as the “Yamuna- notion of “pure” or “perfect” detail, instead it draws from: all methods,
Hind on-Delhi border regulated area” under U.P. Regulations of Building materials, forms, & colors available to architects. (2) Moves away from the
Operations Act, 1958. The reasons for establishing an urban centre in close neutral white colours seen in modernism. (3) Took past components of
proximity of Delhi: (1) Decentralisation of economic activities from Delhi to different styles & melded them together to create new means of design. It is
prevent the in migration to Delhi so as to help decongesting it. (2) To prevent known for the re-emergence of surface ornament, reference to its
speculative land dealings in the areas under the influence of the metropolis surrounding buildings, & historical references. (4) It was a time of revival of
giving rise to an unplanned & haphazard growth in the region. (3) Provide an traditional elements & techniques. Post modernists did not believe to ignore
alternative site for the small & medium size industries functioning in the non- past architecture but looked to it in order to learn from it. You will begin to
conforming areas in & around Delhi at much lower price & at the same time see classical designs such as pillars, torches, arches, & domes used in new,
at the doorstep of Delhi. (4) Provide a reasonably decent site for residential almost humorous ways, just to send a message to the modernist people. It
development within a manageable distance from Delhi due to non-availability favoured personal preferences & variety over objective truths & principles!
of land in Delhi on a reasonable price. CONCEPT OF PLANNING: (1) The draft
master plan of Noida has been prepared taking into consideration the major ROBERT VENTURI: ROBERT CHARLES VENTURI, (BORN JUNE 25, 1925) IS AN
locational decisions of various land uses in relation to each other to enable AMERICAN ARCHITECT, FOUNDING PRINCIPAL OF THE FIRM VENTURI,
the township to be a self-supporting, self-contained, socially balanced & well- SCOTT BROWN & ASSOCIATES, & ONE OF THE MAJOR ARCHITECTURAL
designed new community for people to live, work, enjoy & worship in FIGURES IN THE 20TH CENTURY. Robert Venturi was the head of the Post-
pleasant surroundings. (2) The residential sectors are carefully planned in the modern Movement. He is known for re-wording the famous saying of Mies
natural settings, close to the place of work, the community facilities & van der Rohe’s: “Less is more” to "Less is a bore." In his book, Complexity &
recreational areas required for healthy living. The controlled density pattern Contradiction in Architecture, he states: “Architects can bemoan or try to
provides a balanced distribution of population throughout the town. (3) The ignore them (referring to the ornamental & decorative elements in buildings)
work places are distributed in different parts of the town in terms of or even try to abolish them, but they will not go away. Or they will not go
industrial, commercial & govt. functions, so that the journey to the place of away for a long time, because architects do not have the power to replace
work & back to residence is minimised. (4) A comprehensive circulation them (nor do they know what to replace them with).” He goes on to explain
pattern has been achieved on hierarchical system of roads which shall the need for ornament in his second book called Learning from Las Vegas
provide efficient accessibility to adjacent areas as well as to different parts of (published in 1972). Venturi states decorative elements “accommodate
the township & sectors & shall be able to cater to the expected passenger & existing needs for variety & communication”. He stresses that the building
goods traffic volume. (5) The transport nagars located at the two different needs to communicate a meaning to the public. Postmodernists in general
locations shall minimise the through movement of the heavy vehicles. (6) The strive to achieve this communication through their buildings. This
open spaces are uniformly distributed throughout the town at different levels communication however is not intended to be a direct narration of the
in the form of tot-lots, parks, & play-grounds at local, neighbourhood, & town meaning. Venturi goes on to explain that it is rather intended to be a
level to provide a pleasant & healthy environment for the residents. communication that could be interpreted in many ways. Because work of
MODERNISM: The term modernization is used to describe the process of such quality will have many dimensions & layers of meaning.
social development, the main features of which are technological advances & CHARACTERISTICS: (1) Venturi's buildings typically juxtapose architectural
industrialisation, urbanisation & population explosions, the rise of systems, elements & aims, to acknowledge the conflicts often inherent in a
bureaucracy, an enormous expansion of mass communications systems, project or site. (2) Robert venturi is known for incorporating stylized cultural
democratizations, & an expanding world market. Modernity refers to the icons into his buildings. (3) The vanna venturi house, one of the first
typical features of modern times & to the way that these features are prominent works of the postmodern architecture movement, is located in
experienced by the individual: it stands for the attitude toward life that is the neighborhood of chestnut hill in philadelphia, pennsylvania. (4) It was
associated with a continuous process of evolution & transformation, with an designed by architect robert venturi for his mother vanna venturi, &
orientation towards a future that will be different from the past & the constructed between 1962 -1964. (5) The house was sold in 1973 & remains
present. (1) Before modern architecture came in to being the styles that were a private residence. (6) The five room house stands only about 30 feet (9 m)
popular in the 19th century were the traditional neoclassical architecture in tall at the top of the chimney, but has a monumental front façade.
Italy & Beaux- Arts styles in Paris. (2) Modern architecture is a term applied to ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES: (1) The basic elements of the house are a
a group of styles of architecture which emerged in the first half of the 20th reaction against standard modernist architectural elements: 1. Pitched roof
century & became dominant after World War-II. (3) It was based upon new rather than flat roof, emphasis on central hearth & chimney, closed ground
technologies of construction, particularly the use of glass, steel & reinforced floor "set firmly on ground" rather than modernist columns & glass walls
concrete. (4) It was dominant architectural style for institutional & corporate which open up the ground floor. 2. On the front elevation the broken
buildings until 1980s, when it was challenged by Postmodernism, & then by pediment or gable & a purely ornamental applique arch reflect return to
Neo-modernism & other schools which gradually supplanted it. (5) It was mannerist architecture & a rejection of modernism. (2) House is a
manifested as a series of innovative cultural movements in the follwing fields: composition of rectangular, curvilinear, & diagonal elements coming
Applied arts, literature, arts, architecture etc. (6) It was suddenly realized that together (or sometimes juxtaposing each other) in a way that
way to future was not through past. (7)Architecture was expressing a inarguably creates complexity & contradiction. (3) In order to create more
command to adapt to the machine age. MODERNISM associated people had contradiction & complexity, venturi experimented with scale. Inside the
the following ideas in mind: (1) Mechanization (2) Adulation of the machine house certain elements are “too big,” such as the size of the fireplace & the
(3) Standardization (4) Mass production. Notable architects important to the height of the mantel compared to the size of the room. (4) Doors are wide &
history & development of the modernist movement included Frank Lloyd low in height, especially in contrast to the grandness of the entrance space.
Wright, Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius & many more. INFLUENCES: (1) One can (5) Venturi also minimized circulation space in the design of the house, so
apply the label "early modern" to the following avant-garde movements: that it consisted of large distinct rooms with minimum subdivisions between
Bauhaus, Constructivism, Dada, De Stijl, Experssionism, Futurism etc. them.
BAUHAUS: 1. Bauhaus is a school in germany that combined crafts and the DE STIJL, OR THE STYLE, is an art & design movement founded in Holland by
fine arts. 2. Designed by gropius and his partner meyer with certain amount of painters & architects around 1917. The movement strives to express
participation from students. 3. Bauhaus, was an art school in germany that Universal concepts through elimination, reduction, abstraction,
combined crafts & the fine arts. 4. It operated from 1919 to 1933. At that time simplification, & a dynamic asymmetrical balance of rectangles, planes,
the german term about this sound bauhaus literally "house of construction"— verticals, horizontals, the primary colors, & black, white, & gray.
was understood as meaning "school of building". 5. The complex consists of (2) Designers formulate a new language & vocabulary for architecture. (3) To
five main elements fully glazed : (1) Workshop block. (2) Teaching block. (3) do this, they take the traditional house apart, analyze it like an object,
Social areas. (4) A 5-storeyed study block. (5) An administrative wing spanning abstract it to eliminate traditional references, & then reassemble it in a new
the roadway. 1. Aesthetically bauhaus was an advanced building but way. (4) The new form emphasizes the cube. It is not a solid box, but instead
technologically- probably because of the limited funds, it was, someway opens up from outside to inside with solid & void relationships established
behind the contemporary works. 2. Bauhaus is enclosed by glass curtains. 3. through flat planes. ARCHITECTURALCHARACTERISTICS: (1) Flat roof,
The curtain glass walling was first used in fagus factory - 1911 & then used asymmetry, geometric forms, white or gray walls with details highlighted by
with certain refinement. 4. The whole cube seems like to immense horizontal primary colors. (2) Houses for individuals are the most important.
plains floating on the ground. 5. Giant light cube dazzling white light from (3) Compositions generally emphasize the separation of planes, the
every wall. 6. The high glass walls revealing the light steel structure. application of primary colors, & the spatial relationship of solids to voids.
Delineated in all its transparency by the iron grid of its exterior structure. (4) Rectangular shapes define the geometric repetition of windows, doors, &
PHILOSOPHY OF BAUHAUS :(1) Most students should face the fact that their blocks of color. (5) Window sizes vary on an individual building from large to
future should be involved primarily with industry & mass production rather small. They may be arranged in patterns or one unit on a large wall. (6) Flat
than with individual craftsmanship. (2) Teachers in schools of design should roofs are typical, & distinctly different from other structures.
be men who are in advance of their profession rather than efficient
academically. (3) The schools of design should, as the bauhaus did, bring FUTURISM: (1) The Italian Futurism is the first art movement that can be
together the various arts of painting, architechture, theatre, photography, considered an avant-garde movement. (2) They introduced with their art an
weaving, typography, etc., Into a modern synthesis which disregards ideological interest that affected deeply culture and even social costumes,
conventional distinctions between the "fine" & "applied" arts. (4) A school of when denies all the past, substituting it by stylistic and technical
design should have on its faculty the purely creative & interested aratist such experimentation. (3) International art movement founded in Italy in 1909. (4)
as the painter as a spiritual counterpoint to the practical technician in order Contrast to Romanticism. (5) Speed, noise, machines, pollution, and cities.
that they may work & teach side by side for the benefit of the student. (5) (6) Fearing and attacking technology. CHARACTERISTICS: (1) Futurist painters
Manual experience of materials is essential to the student of design- made the rhythm of their repetitions of lines. (2) Inspired by some
experience at first confined to free experiment & then extended to the photographic experiments, they were breaking motion into small
practical workshop (6) The study of rational design in terms of techniques & sequences, and using the wide range of angles within a given time-frame all
materials should be only the first step in the development of a new & modern aimed to incorporate the dimension of time within the picture. ANTONIO
sense of beauty. (7) Because we live in the 20th century, the student architect SANT'ELIA (1888 –1916): 1. That Futurist architecture is the architecture of
or designer should be offered no refuge in the past but should be equipped calculation, of audacious temerity and of simplicity; the architecture of
for the modern world in its various aspects, artistic, technical, social, reinforced concrete, of steel, glass, cardboard, textile fiber, and of all those
economic, spiritual, so that he may function in society not as a decorator but substitutes for wood, stone and brick that enable us to obtain maximum
as a vital participant. OBJECTIVE OF BAUHAUS: (1) One of the main objectives elasticity and lightness. 2. That Futurist architecture is not because of this
of the bauhaus was to unify art, craft , & technology. (2) The machine was an arid combination of practicality and usefulness, but remains art, i.e.
considered a positive element , & therefore industrial & product design were synthesis and expression. 3. That oblique and elliptic lines are dynamic, & by
important components. (3) The Bauhaus had a profound influence upon their very nature possess an emotive power a thousand times stronger
subsequent developments in art, architecture, graphic design, interior design, than perpendiculars and horizontals, & that no integral, dynamic
industrial design & typography. (4) Between 1919 & 1933 the German school architecture can exist that does not include these. 4. That decoration as an
of art & design called the Bauhaus was producing designs which were truly element superimposed on architecture is absurd, and that the decorative
made for mass production but it was thirty years later that industry caught up value of Futurist architecture depends solely on the use and original
with this thinking & was able to manufacture the designs for products such as arrangement of raw or bare or violently coloured materials. 5. That, just as
furniture & lighting cheaply enough & in large quantities . (5) Many of the the ancients drew inspiration for their art from the elements of nature,
designs we now regard as design classics originate from the bauhaus. we—who are materially and spiritually artificial—must find that inspiration
in the elements of the utterly new mechanical world we have created, and
of which architecture must be the most beautiful expression, the most
PLANNING: (1) Plan Shows The Linear Nature complete synthesis, the most efficacious integration. 6. That architecture as
Of The Individual Structures. (2) The Complex the art of arranging forms according to pre- established criteria is finished.
Is Divided Into Three Main Wings. (3) The 7. That by the term architecture is meant the endeavour to harmonize the
Studio Apartments Are Connected By environment with Man with freedom and great audacity, that is to trnsform
Auditorium, Canteen Kitchens & Gymnasium the world of things into a direct projection of the world of the spirit.
to the Long Narrow Admin block. (4) The Wing ARTS & CRAFTS 1875-1915 The Arts & Crafts movement began in Britain as a
On Left Is The School Of Arts & Crafts, Wing On reaction to the dehumanizing effects of the late 19th century
The Right accommodates The Workshop. industrialization. (1) It was a social and artistic movement of the second half
1. Workshop 2. Dining hall 3. Studio workshop of the 19th century emphasizing a return to handwork, skilled craftsmanship,
4. Administrative 5.Office 6. Trade school and attention to design in the decorative arts, from the mechanization and
mass production of the Industrial Revolution. (2) The movement represents
NEO-CLASSICAL, or "new" classical, architecture describes buildings that are in some sense a revolt against the hard mechanical conventional life and it's
inspired by the classical architecture particularly of ancient Greece & Rome. insensitivity to beauty. (3) It is a protest against the turning of men into
(1) A Neo-classical building is likely to have some or all of these features: - machines against artificial distinctions in art, and against making the
Symmetrical shape -Triangular pediment -Domed roof -The use of the Greek immediate market value or possibility of profit the chief test of artistic
& Roman Orders -Tall columns/ orders that rise the full height of the merit. SOCIAL REFORMS: 1. change in working condition 2. Believe in
building. The theme of neo-classicism: 1. History 2. Purity 3. Ratioanality 4. restoration of power of craftsmanship 3. Simple life 4. Art as a way of life 5.
Education EXAMPLE: Osterley Park, Hounslow, London, 1762-80 Robert Adam Artisanal production improved 6. Conditions of workers. PRINCIPLES: 1.
Design unity 2. Joy in labor 3. Individualism 3. Regionalism
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: (1) Industrial revolution was the time period which HUDCO: Housing & Urban Development Corporation Ltd. (HUDCO) is a public
took place between 17th & 18th century. (2) Started in britain & spread sector enterprise fully owned by the Government of India, under the
throughout the world.(3) The industrial revolution was the transition to new Companies Act 1956. HUDCO was incorporated on 25th April, 1970.
manufacturing processes.this transition included going from hand production OBJECTIVE: 1. To provide long term finance for construction of houses for
methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing & iron production residential purposes or finance or undertake housing & urban development
processes, improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of steam programmes in the country. 2. To finance or undertake, wholly or partly, the
power & development of machine tools. MAJOR INVENTIONS: THE STEAM setting up of new or satellite towns. 3. To subscribe to the debentures &
ENGINE: Invented by james watt in 1785 Steam engine leads to invention of bonds to be issued by the State Housing (&/ or Urban Development) Boards,
steam ship , steam locomotives. RAILWAY: A meaningful symbol of the new Improvement Trusts, Development Authorities etc.; specifically for the
age which in turn had consequences for architecture - stations, bridges, purpose of financing housing & urban development programmes. 4. To
tunnels. THE STEAM BOAT: An important means of transportation which in finance or undertake the setting up of industrial enterprises of building
turn had consequences for mass migration from across the globe. material. 5. To administer the moneys received, from time to time, from the
INVENTION OF BUILDING MATERIALS: 1. CAST IRON, an essentially brittle Government of India & other sources as grants or otherwise for the purposes
material, is approximately four times as resistant to compression as stone. of financing or undertaking housing & urban development programmes in
2. WROUGHT IRON, which is forty times as resistant to tension & bending as the country &. 6. To promote, establish, assist, collaborate & provide
stone, is only four times heavier. It can be form & moulded into any shape. 3. consultancy services for the projects of designing & planning of works
GLASS can be manufactured in larger sizes & volumes. 4. Solid structures relating to Housing & Urban. HOUSING: 1. Urban Housing 2. Rural Housing 3.
could be replaced by skeleton structures, making it possible to erect buildings Staff Rental Housing 4. Repairs & Renewals 5. Shelter & Sanitation Facilities
of almost unrestricted height. 5. Buildings could be constructed into any for Footpath dwellers in Urban Areas (Night Shelter & Pay & Use toilets) 6.
shape & in short time. Working Women Ownership Condominium Housing 7. Housing through
Industrial Revolution as, “a widespread replacement of manual labour by Private Builders/Joint Sector 8. Land Acquisition 9. Jawahar Lal Nehru
machines that began in Britain in the 18th century.” People did not want to do National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM). EXAMPLES: Integrated railway
their work manually for the rest of their lives. The factors responsible for projects at Navi Mumbai; National Games Village at Bengaluru; Film City at
industrial revolution in england are : Geographic factors - As an island Chennai.
separated from, & yet close to, the European continent, England enjoyed a
geographical situation that was favorable in several ways. Political factors - LUTYENS' DELHI is an area in Delhi, specifically New Delhi, named after the
Government was ready to provide conditions in which trade, industry, leading British architect Edwin Lutyens (1869–1944). He was responsible for
banking & farming for profit could flourish. The best single condition it much of the architectural design & buildings when India was part of the
provided was - no government interference with private businesses. British Empire. (1) Largely designed by Lutyens over twenty or so years (1912
Economic factors – Internally, the purchasing power of the people was to 1930). (2) New Delhi, situated within the metropolis of Delhi, was chosen
generally greater than that of other people. Externally, the rapidly increasing to replace Calcutta as the seat of the British Indian government in 1912; the
trade stimulated the production of cheap manufactured goods in England. project was completed in 1929 & officially inaugurated in 1931. CITY PLAN:
Technological factors - Before & during the Industrial Revolution, several (1) Even Lutyens' layout plan cannot be considered original. (2) He had
technological processes converged: tool improvement, use of coal as fuel, initially designed a city with all the streets crossing at right angles, much like
greatly increased use of iron, & use of steam power. New York. But Lord Hardinge told him of the dust storms that sweep the
landscape in these parts, insisting on roundabouts, hedges & trees to break
ART DECO: (1) Art Deco or Deco, is an influential visual arts design style which their force, giving him the plans of Paris & Washington to study & apply to
first appeared in France during the 1920s, flourished internationally during Delhi. (3) The final plan borrows from many other town plans & from earlier
the 30s & 40s. (2) It is an eclectic style that combines traditional craft motifs plans for New Delhi. WHAT LUTYENS BUILT: (1) Rashtrapati Bhavan (2) Four
with Machine Age imagery & materials. (3) The style is often characterized by bungalows inside the President's Estate (3) India Gate (4) Hyderabad &
rich colors, bold geometric shapes & lavish ornamentation. (4) The style Baroda palaces at India Gate. INTENTIONS OF THE LAYOUT: Lutyens’ Delhi
featured in the work of designers of furnishings, textiles, JEWELLERY , & was planned on the most spacious garden city lines with the great avenues
advertising posters. (5) Colours used in Art Deco Designs included gold, decorated with classical buildings with lush landscape. The layout of Lutyens
orange, peach & turquoise. (6) The Art Deco style was popular in the USA Delhi was governed by three major visual corridors, linking the government
where many buildings were designed in this style. (7) Art Deco as a decorative complex with : (1) Jama Masjid (2) Indraprastha (3) Safdarjungs Tomb. THE
style was popular in 1920s & 1930s." First World War (1914-1918) & the Great GOVERNMENT COMPLEX/ ADMINISTRATIVE AREA: (1) Lutyens laid out the
Depression (1929-1930), (8) Cities needed rebuilding; (9) The term Art Deco central administrative area of the city. (2) At the heart of the city was the
was coined from The Exposition des Arts Decoratifs held in Paris in 1925. Art impressive Rashtrapati Bhawan, located on the top of Raisina Hill. The
Deco is an architectural & design style, popular in the 1920’s & 1930’s. Rajpath connects India Gate to Rashtrapati Bhawan, while Janpath, which
(10) The style featured in the work of designers of furnishings, textiles, crosses it at a right angle, connects South end with Connaught Place. (3) The
JEWELLERY , & advertising posters. (11) Geometric shapes, Transport Secretariat Building, which houses various ministries of the Government of
methods, sunbursts, images & artefacts from other cultures, such as Egyptian India including Prime Minister's Office are beside the Rashtrapati Bhawan &
& African tribal art all influenced the Art Deco style. EXPOSITION OF ART DECO were designed by Herbert Baker. (4) Also designed by Baker was the
STYLE OF ARCHITECTRE: (1) The first use of the term Art Deco has been Parliament House, located on the Sansad Marg, running parallel with the
attributed to architect Le Corbusier who penned a series of articles in his Rajpath. INDIA GATE: (1) The India Gate is the national monument of India.
journal L'Esprit nouveau under the headline1925 Expo: Arts Déco. He was (2) Designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens. (3) Originally known as All India War
referring to the 1925 Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Memorial. (4) It commemorates the 90,000 soldiers of the British Indian
Industriels Modernes (International Exposition of Modern Decorative & Army who lost their lives while fighting for the British Indian Empire. (5) It is
Industrial Arts). (2) The Art Deco era is often dated from 1925 when the composed of red sand stone & granite. DRAWBACKS: (1) In this whole
Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes was process almost no attention was paid to the problems of Old Delhi. Due to
organized to showcase new ideas in applied arts. (3) Deco emphasizes the creation of New Delhi, Old Delhi experienced a 28% surge in population
geometric forms: spheres, polygons, rectangles, trapezoids, zigzags, chevrons, from 1916-1926 resulting in the spilling over of the population from inside
& sunburst motifs. Elements are often arranged in symmetrical patterns. the walled city to the Paharganj area, whose restructuring was later
Modern materials such as aluminum, stainless steel, Bakelite, chrome, & abandoned by Lutyens due to resource constraints. (2) Also, no provision of
plastics are frequently used. Stained glass, inlays, & lacquer are also common. housing was premeditated for the large no. of skilled & unskilled workers
Colors tend to be vivid & high-contrast. which immigrated in for the construction work of New Delhi. (3) This
negligence of the planners towards Old Delhi resulted in its transformation
to a large slum area through deterioration.
CHARLES CORREA: India’s most iconic modern architect Charles Correa had a LE CORBUSIER, internationally influential Swiss architect and city planner,
prolific career, having designed almost 100 buildings in India alone during his whose designs combine the functionalism of the modern movement with a
lifetime, but whether it was low-income housing or luxury condos, Correa bold, sculptural expressionism. In his architecture he joined the functionalist
maintained a universal approach that respected the local conditions, met the aspirations of his generation with a strong sense of expressionism. He was
practical needs of its inhabitants & acknowledged the spiritual nature & the first architect to make a studied use of rough-cast concrete, a technique
beauty of his country. Charles Correa was named by the Royal Institute of that satisfied his taste for asceticism and for sculptural forms. Le Corbusier
British Architects (RIBA) as ‘India’s greatest architect’ in 1984. He rejected the first developed his famous “five points of architecture,” which can be briefly
cold glass-&-steel structural style in favour of a more ‘human’ approach, summarized as follows: 1. Raise the building on “pilotis,” freeing the walls of
designing buildings that have a unique & deep-rooted understanding of their structural function. 2. With the walls freed of their structural role, a
India’s rich traditions in terms of both society & vernacular. He adapted the free plan should be employed. 3. Similarly, the facade should be designed
principles of modernism to suit a non-Western culture – something that set freely. 4. The horizontal ribbon window, enabled by the free facade, should
him apart from the rest & led him to play a vital role in shaping the urban be used to light rooms evenly. 5. The roof should be flat and host a roof
landscape of post-war India. He embraced the challenge of designing buildgs garden, replacing the ground space that is occupied by the building.
for the urban poor, yet he never compromised on quality – he treated the
low-rise, high-density housing of the Belapur project in ‘Navi Mumbai’ with CHANDIGARH is one of the most significant urban planning experiments of the
the same attention-to-detail as his innovative Kanchanjunga high-rise of 20th century. It is the only one of the numerous urban planning schemes of Le
luxury apartments in Mumbai. He respected the Indian vernacular architectre Corbusier. The city has had far-reaching impact, ushering in a modern idiom of
by using local materials that were best suited to the social needs & architecture and city planning all over India and has become a symbol of
envrnmntal conditions. Using resources that were readily available also meant planned urbanism. It is as famous for its landscaping as for its architectural
there was no need to import goods, which helped reduce the expense of each ambience. Most of the buildings are in pure, cubical form, geometrically
project, but also provided much-needed work for local craftsmen. He was a subdivided with emphasis on proportion, scale and detail.
firm believer that the buildings he created must respond to their HUMAN SCALE: The city of Chandigarh is planned to human scale. It puts us in
surroundings, taking into consideration the particular needs of society. He touch with the infinite cosmos and nature. It provides us with places and
also understood the importance of being connected to the great outdoors – buildings for all human activities by which the citizens can live a full and
the sky has a profound sacred meaning in the Hindu religion – & Correa didn’t harmonious life. Here the radiance of nature and heart are within our reach.
want external space to be a luxury only reserved for those who could afford it. SECTORS: This city is composed of sectors. Each sector is 800 meters by 1,200
Even the Belapur modular housing solutions he created for the satellite city he meters, enclosed by roads allocated to fast mechanised transport and sealed to
designed, ‘Navi Mumbai’, included shared courtyards for every family to use. direct access from the houses.Each sector caters to the daily needs of its
This ‘open-to-sky’ concept also incorporates his innovative passive methods of inhabitants, which vary from 5,000 to 25,000 and has a green strip oriented
heating & cooling buildings; often Correa’s work features pergolas, verandahs, longitudinally stretching centrally along the sector in the direction of the
open courtyards & terraces, with a focus on quality of light, circulation of air & mountains. The green strip should stay uninterrupted and accommodate
plenty of shade. One of Correa’s most famous works was also one of his first – schools, sports fields, walks and recreational facilities for the sector.Vehicular
the Gandhi Memorial Museum in Ahmedabad, built in 1963. The building traffic is completely forbidden in the green strips, where tranquility shall reign
fulfilled a brief that was also aligned with Correa’s beliefs – it was designed to and the curse of noise shall not penetrate.
be a modest space that would reflect the simplicity of Gandhi’s life, ROADS: The roads of the city are classified into seven categories, known as the
constructed on a human scale with basic materials including brick, stone & system of 7 Vs, as below: V-1 -- Fast roads connecting Chandigarh to other
tiles. It’s also a prime example of his ‘open-to-sky’ architecture, with open towns; V-2 -- arterial roads; V-3 -- Fast vehicular roads; V-4 -- Meandering
walls & courtyard spaces that are suited to both social gatherings & quiet shopping streets; V-5 -- Sector circulation roads; V-6 Access roads to houses; V-
contemplation. He is someone who has that rare capacity to give physical 7 -- footpaths and cycle tracks.Buses will ply only on V-1, V-2, V-3 and V-4
form to something as intangible as ‘culture’ or ‘society’ – & his work is roads. A wall shall seal the V-3 roads from the sectors.
therefore critical: aesthetically; sociologically; & culturally.’
HAFEEZ CONTRACTOR: is one of the most famous faces of architecture in FRANK LYOD WRIGHT: Born on June 8, 1867 Frank Lloyd Wright is not only
India with projects for names like Hiranandanis, Tatas, BPCL, ICICI, National one of the world’s greatest architects, but he was also the most prolific,
Stock Exchange, CIDCO,DLF, Infosys etc. He has conceptualized ,designed & controversial as well as inspiring. He was a writer, an art collector a
executed a wide range of architectural projects like bungalows, residential philosopher as well as a visionary and these all inspired his approach to his
developments, hospitals, hotels, corporate offices, banking & financial craft. He is widely known for four styles of building. He conceived of the
institutions, commercial complexes, shopping malls, educational institutions, Prairie Style which was born out of his belief that we needed fewer, larger
recreational & sports facilities, townships, airports, railway stations, urban rooms which flowed more easily, his antithesis to the rigid Victorian era
planning & civic redevelopment projects. Works of Hafeez Contractor… Some architecture. From there the Textile Style was born, which led way to the
of his works are: •DLF Pinnacle, Gurgaon. •Beach House, Mandwa. •Vastu, Organic Style and then the Usonian Style. His belief that buildings should be
Mumbai. •Hafeez’s approach to the residential sector has been an original made from the land and benefit the land inspired most of his work. These
reply to the inescapable practical constraints of the present day cityscape. • beliefs, avant garde for his time, are still practiced and revered today. Frank
He developed the concept of 6 inch internal wall with an external skin & thus, Lloyd Wright first became known for his Prairie Style of architecture which
the double wall concept, which virtually changed the housing scenario. • incorporated low pitched roofs, overhanging eaves, a central chimney, and
Hafeez introduced the 2’ 6” deep architectural projection for elevational open floor plans which, he believed was the antidote to the confined,
treatmement in residential buildings. •He also exploited the aesthetic closed-in architecture of the Victorian era. From there he went on to
potential of water tanks on rooftops. •His style is unorthodox, filled with establish the Textile style which took on an even more linear approach,
domes, pitched roofs, arches, triangular canopies. •Hafeez has consistently combined with influences from Mayan architecture, this would lead the way
engaged the powerful symbolic significance of architecture as an ultimate to what, perhaps, Wright is best known for Organic Architecture which drew
value proposition in his commercial works. • His office buildings not only from natural resources combined with the influence of Japanese
reflect the new architectural conceptions, but also the changing commniction architecture. The Organic style then led way to the Usonian style. It is clear
networks & technological systems. •Hafeez believes that increasing the F.S.I. to see how each style has grown and evolved from its predecessor. Frank
or creating high rises is the most fitting solution to the spatially challenged Lloyd Wright’s most important contribution to architecture as well as to the
cities that can not seem to comfortably house their citizens. • His arch. has arts and society is arguably The Guggenheim Museum in New York City. In
been defined as brilliant & breathtaking but also strange & eccentric. this building a history of people, of time, of art and of architecture are all
Nevertheless, in over two decades of his practice, he has displayed a pivotal united. In this modern edifice that will be celebrating its 50th Anniversary
role in shaping the urban built landscape of the country. - Hafeez is full of this year, art, science, nature, architecture and anthropology co-exist
surprising & revolutionary ideas. His uncanny ability to change his peacefully. In this building, Wright pioneered trends that architects today
architectural style from one commission to next is also a significant reason continue to embrace. A true visionary, Wright was an architect of his time,
why his work is sought after by so many. -He picks elements from various well ahead of his time. Frank Lloyd Wright was a visionary and controversial.
typologies & use them as adornments for the exterior skin of the building. -He He was famous for his beliefs and convictions. His ideals, words and
believes that your building should really reflect your socio- economic & foresight continue to be used as inspiration even today.
climatic relations.