REVIEWER

 POLITICS- Refers to the practice and theory of influencing

other people, which oftentimes is directed towards decision
making or policy formulation but at times results in conflicts
or conflict ridden situations.
 itrefers to achieving and exercising positions of governance–
organized control over a human community, particularly a
state.
POLITICAL SCIENCE- is a social science which deals with systems
of governance, and the analysis of political activities, political
thoughts, and political behavior.
1. Comparative politics- It often involves comparisons among countries through
time within single countries , emphasizing key patterns of similarities and
differences
2. Political Economy- is an academic discipline within political science that
analyzes economics and international relations.
3. International relations or affairs- branch of political science concerned with
relations between nations and primarily with foreign policies.
4. Political philosophy or political theory- the study of fundamental questions
about the state, government, politics, liberty, justice and the enforcement of a
legal code by authority.
5.Public administration- the implementation of government policies.
6. Public Law- Part of law which governs relationships between individuals and
the government, and those relationships between individuals which are of direct
concern to the society
7. Political methodology- is a subfield of political science that studies the
quantitative methods used to study politics
 Government
A government is the system or group of people governing an
organized community, often a state.
 It is an agency and an instrument for change and mobilization.

 Classifications of governments
A. According to the geopolitical distribution of power
- Unitary state, a system of political organization in which most
or all of the governing power resides in a centralized
government.
 Federal System
 The power to govern is shared between national, state
and local levels. There are central government that exists
but there are also autonomous states.
 Confederacy
- A loose organization of independent states held together by
a weak central government.
B. As to who possess the power to
govern
 A government of “one”
 Autocracy
 - a system of government by one person with absolute power.
- Totalitarian Dictatorship
 A single leader seeks to control all aspects of social and economic life.
 Dictatorial Rule- is a form of government where a country is ruled by one person or political entity,
and exercised through various mechanisms to ensure the entity’s power remains strong.
Monarchy- Traditionally ascribed to the power to govern given to Kings, Queens, Emperors, Czars,
sultans, and the like
- Absolute monarchy- is a form of monarchy in which the monarch holds supreme authority and where
that authority is not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customs. These are often hereditary
monarchies
- Constitutional monarchy/limited monarchy- the monarch does not possess the real power to govern.
Serves mainly as ceremonial leaders of their governments. The power to govern is normally vested in
the hands of the President or the Prime Minister
A government of the “few”
 Aristocracy- is a form of government that places
strength in the hands of a small, privileged ruling
class
 Oligarchy- is a form of power structure in which
power rests with a small number of people.
These people may be distinguished by wealth,
family ties, education or corporate, religious,
political, or military control.
A government of the “many”
-A. Democracy- is a system of government where the citizens
exercise power by voting.
 “government of the people, by the people, for the people.”
B. Direct Democracy
-The people govern themselves by voting on issues individually
as citizens.
C. REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY
 The people elect representatives and give them the power to
make laws and conduct government.
 This is considered to be most efficient way to ensure the
rights of the individual citizen.
 Features of an Ideal Democracy
 effective participation
 Equality in voting
 Informed electorate
 Citizen control of the agenda
 Inclusion
 Fundamental rights
C. AS TO SOURCE OF POWER
 A. Hereditary- the monarch inherits the crown according in a fixed rule of succession, determined either by a
constitution, or act of parliament, or by the rule of dynastic house or family to which the monarch belongs.
 B. Elective- the voters elect the ruler through a popular decision.

D. As to the political structure

- PARLIAMENTARY
 A parliamentary system or parliamentary democracy is a system of democratic governance of a state where
the executive derives its democratic legitimacy from its ability to command the confidence of the legislature,
typically a parliament, and is also held accountable to that parliament
- Presidential Government/Republican
 a system of government in which the President is constitutionally independent of the legislature.
E. As to its legality or constitutionality
De Jure Gov’t- is the legal, legitimate government of a state and is so recognized by other states.
De Facto Gov’t - A government of fact.
 describe practices that exist in reality, even if not officially recognized by law.
 Governance
Refers to all processes of governing, whether undertaken by a government,
market or network, whether over a family tribe, formal or informal
organization or territory and whether through laws, norms, power or
language.
Eight Elements of Good Governance
IDEOLOGY- Set of basic beliefs about the political, economic, social and
cultural affairs held by the majority of people within a society.
 Basic beliefs that reflects nation’s, the ideals and aspirations of its people,
religion and cultural shape, which binds them together.
 POLITICAL IDEOLOGY
 Refer to a set of ideals, principles, institutions, or large group that explains how
society should work, and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain
social order.
 ANTI GOV’T IDEOLOGIES
-it is a political ideology that literally wants to abolish the government, usually
through violence and acts of lawlessness.
 RIGHT WING IDEOLOGIES- These are ideologies that oppose change,
looking into the past for wisdom. It is not uncommon for some people to
be afraid of change, especially if they have seen a more effective type
of ruling.
 LEFT WING IDEOLOGIES- as opposed to right-wing ideologies,
promote human being to live together as a whole without separations
like those of social barriers which classifies people to be either in the
upper-class or the lower class, or even in the middle class.

 CONSERVATISM- It is characterized by a resistant of change,

adherent to limited human freedom as it chooses to maintain traditional
values, and some extreme versions, distrust to human reasoning and
nature or anti egalitarianism (contrary to principles of social equality
and fairness)
 It emphasizes tradition, hierarchy and authority.
 Liberalism is a political philosophy held by people who strongly believe in the principles
of liberty and equality for all.

Classical liberalism focuses more on liberty, or personal

freedoms.
Social liberalism is more concerned with equality
SOCIALISM- a political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the
means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as
a whole.
 The central theme of socialism is common ownership. Everybody has the right to participate in
decisions in global resources.
 ELEMENTS OF SOCIALISM

-Community -needs
-fraternity -social class
-social equality -common ownership
 COMMUNISM- a political system in which the major resources and
means of production are owned by the community rather than by
individuals.
 It is a monopoly of political power in which the leader’s rules dominates
the whole society and runs the country like a machine.

Fascism- is a form of radical right-wing, authoritarian ultranationalism

characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition and
strong regimentation of society and of the economy
 Anarchism is a political theory which aims to create anarchy, "the
absence of a master, of a sovereign”. In other words, anarchism is a
political theory which aims to create a society within which individuals
freely co-operate together as equals
 belief in the abolition of all government and the organization of society on
a voluntary, cooperative basis without recourse to force or compulsion.
 Environmentalism or environmental rights is a broad philosophy,
ideology, and social movement regarding concerns for
environmental protection and improvement of the health of the
environment, particularly as the measure for this health seeks to
incorporate the impact of changes to the environment on humans,
animals, plants and non-living matter.
 Feminism is a range of social movements, political movements,
and ideologies that share a common goal: to define, establish, and
achieve the political, economic, personal, and social equality of
the sexes.
 Realism is an approach to the study and practice of international
politics. It emphasizes the role of the nation-state and makes a
broad assumption that all nation-states are motivated by national
interests, or, at best, national interests disguised as moral
concerns.
 Nationalism is an ideology and movement characterized by the
promotion of the interests of a particular nation, especially with the aim
of gaining and maintaining the nation's sovereignty (self-governance)
over its homeland.
 UTILITARIANISM- philosophy in which the happiness of the greatest
number of people in the society is the most essential.

Political Ideologies
-conservatism -fascism
-liberalism -environmentalism
-socialism -feminism
-communism -realism
-feminism -nationalism
-anarchism -utilitarianism
 POWER- One’s ability to act upon or yield an effect.
 HARD POWER- It describes a nation or political body’s ability to use economic
incentives or military strengths to influences other’s behavior.
 SOFT POWER- Is the ability to shape the preferences of others through appeal
and attraction.

 BASES OF POWER
 LEGITIMATE- Power that comes from one’s organizational role or position.
 REWARD- Power comes from ability to grant a reward.
 COERCIVE- Power comes from the ability to take something away or punish
someone for noncompliance.
 EXPERT- Power comes from knowledge and skills.
 INFORMATION- Power comes from the ability to access specific informations.
 REFERENT- Power comes from the personal characteristics of the person such
as the degree, to which we like, respect, and want to be like them.
 CONSEQUENCES OF POWER
 EXPERT AND REFERENT= COMMITMENT
 LEGITIMATE AND REWARD= COMPLIANCE
 COERCIVE= RESISTANCE

 STATE- is an organized political community living under a single system

of a government.
 4 ELEMENTS OF STATE
1. POPULATION
2. TERRITORY
3. GOVERNMENT
4. SOVEREIGNTY
 a "nation" refers to a group of people who feel bound into a single body by
shared culture, values, folkways, religion and/or language. A "state" just
refers to a patch of land with a sovereign government.
 A territory is an administrative division, usually an area that is under the
jurisdiction of a state.
 MEMORIZE THE ARTICLE ONE SECTION ONE OF THE 1987
CONSTITUTION!!!!!!
 Archipelago is defined as a sea or part of a sea studded with islands, often
synonymous with island groups, or a large group of islands in a extensive
body of water, such as sea.
 INTERNAL WATERS- are the waters Around, Between and Connecting the
islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions.
 ALL OTHER TERRITORIES OVER WHICH THE PHILIPPINES HAS
SOVEREIGNTY OR JURISDICTION- includes any territory that presently
belongs or might in the future belong to the Philippines through any of the
accepted international modes of acquiring territory.
 TERRITORIAL SEA- 12 nautical miles from the baseline
 Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)- body of water extending up to 200
nautical miles.
 GOVERNMENT-Refers to the agency through which the will of the state is
formulated, expressed, and carried out.
 PURPOSES AND OBJECTIVES OF GOVERNMENT
-Domestic order and tranquility - Promotion of General welfare
 Common defense of the State - Promotion of public morality
 Blessing of Liberty and Justice

 SOVEREIGNTY- The power of the State to command and enforce

obedience of its will from people. It means power over people
of an area unrestrained by laws originating outside the area or
independence completely devoid of direct external control.
 PRE COLONIAL ERA- Maureen and Anjanette
 THE COMING OF THE WEST- Lester and Lovylane
 DRIVE FOR NATIONHOOD
 REVOLUTION OF 1896- Hazel and Edmarose
 FIRST ELECTION (THE TEJEROS CONVENTION)- Kian and Marco
 CONTINUING RESISTANCE
 THE AGREEMENT A BIAK NA BATO (DECEMBER 13-14, 1897)-
 THE MALOLOS CONGRESS-
 INAUGURATION OF THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC (JANUARY 23, 1899)- Alimar and Mikaela
 STRAINED RELATIONS
 AMERICAN GOVERNMENT- Wheizy and Clyde
 COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT- Strawberry and Radilyn
 WORLD WAR II AND JAPANESE OCCUPATION- Desiree and Cheervel
 PHILIPPINE DEMOCRATIC POLITICS

 PRE COLONIAL ERA-

 THE COMING OF THE WEST- Marynol and Xyrine
 DRIVE FOR NATIONHOOD
 REVOLUTION OF 1896- Marvin and Lyle
 FIRST ELECTION (THE TEJEROS CONVENTION)- Ericka and Lanz
 CONTINUING RESISTANCE
 THE AGREEMENT A BIAK NA BATO (DECEMBER 13-14, 1897)- Raizah and Kyla
 THE MALOLOS CONGRESS- krizelle and Leoniro
 INAUGURATION OF THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC (JANUARY 23, 1899)- ivy and Piolo
 STRAINED RELATIONS
 AMERICAN GOVERNMENT- Rawda and Angelika
 COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT- Dexter and Chabelita
 WORLD WAR II AND JAPANESE OCCUPATION- Mharianne and Ara