The Sun is by far the largest object in

the solar system. It contains more than

99.8% of the total mass of the Solar
System (Jupiter contains most of the
rest). It is often said that the Sun is an
"ordinary" star; the Sun is in the top
10% by mass. Sun is personified in many
mythologies: the Greeks called
it Helios and the Romans called it Sol.
•Color of the hottest star is bluish
white
•The biggest star is VY Canis Majoris
•The smallest star is EBLM J0555-57Ab
•The hottest star is Eta Carinae
•The coldest star is CFBDSIR 1458 10b
The solar system is made up of the
sun and everything that orbits
around it. It extends from the sun,
and goes past the four inner
planets, through the Asteroid Belt
to the four gas giants. Scientists
estimate that the edge of the solar
system is about 9 billion miles (15
billion kilometers) from the sun.
For millennia, the ancient
Greeks named these
planets “planetai”, meaning
"wanderers/wandering.“
Planets are divided into two
groups. These are the Inner
and Outer Planets.
The Inner Planets
also called TERRESTRIAL
PLANETS.Terrestrial planets
include Mercury, Venus, Earth
and Mars. They are called
terrestrial because they have a
rocky surface like Earth.
The outer Planets
also called JOVIAN PLANETS.
Jovian planets include Jupiter,
Saturn, Neptune and Uranus.
They are called Jovian
because they are large and
gaseaous.
 • Mercury is the closest planet to the sun. As
such, it circles the sun faster than all the
other planets at only 88 days to complete its
revolution and 59 days to complete its
rotation, which is why Romans named it after
their swift-footed messenger god.
• MERCURY IS THE SMALLEST PLANET — it is only
slightly larger than Earth's moon. Since it has no
significant atmosphere to stop impacts, the planet
is pockmarked with craters, and one of the huge
craters of mercury is called CAROLIS BASIN.
 Orbit & rotation
• Average distance from the sun:
35,983,095 miles (57,909,175
km). By comparison: 0.38 Earth's
distance from the sun.
• Length of day: 58.646 Earth-days
• Mercury has no Moon or a natural
satellite.
 • It’s not known who
discovered Mercury.
• Mercury is the most cratered
planet in the Solar System.
• Mercury is only the second
hottest planet.
MERCURY COMPARED TO
EARTH
•Venus, the second planet from
the sun, is named for the Roman
goddess of love and beauty. The
planet — the only planet named
after a female.
•It is known as the Earth’s Twin
Planet for it has almost the size of
our planet.
•Venus rotates from east to
west (This rotation is called
retrograde)once every 243
earth days and revolves 117
days.
•It is known as the Earth’s Twin
Planet for it has almost the size
of our planet.
•Venus has large
continents which are
name ISHTAR TERRA and
APHRODITE TERRA. The
highest mountain here is
called MAXWELL MONS.
•Venus is the hottest
planet because the
surface can reach 471
degrees Celsius and full
of CO2.
•Venus is also known as the
Morning and Evening Star
VENUS COMPARED TO
EARTH
•Earth, our home, is the third
planet from the sun. It is the
only planet known to have
an atmosphere containing
free oxygen, oceans of liquid
water on its surface, and, of
course, life.
•Earth is the only planet in our
solar system not to be named
after a Greek or Roman deity.
The Earth was formed
approximately 4.54 billion
years ago and is the only
known planet to support life.
•It is also called BLUE PLANET
•The Earth’s rotation is
gradually slowing at
approximately 17 milliseconds
per hundred years. This has
the effect of lengthening our
days, at 140 million years a
day will have increased to 25
hours.
•The name “Earth” comes
from Old English and Old
High Germanic words
(eorthe and erda,
respectively) for “ground”
or “soil.”
•The Earth’s rotation is
gradually slowing at
approximately 17 milliseconds
per hundred years. This has
the effect of lengthening our
days, at 140 million years a
day will have increased to 25
hours.
•If there were a tunnel
through one end of the
earth to another, it
would take about 42
minutes to fall all the
way through
MOON COMPARED TO
EARTH
•The moon is the easiest
celestial object to find in the
night sky — when it's there.
Earth's only natural satellite
hovers above us bright and
round until it seemingly
disappears for a few nights.
•The Moon (or Luna) is the Earth’s only
natural satellite and was formed 4.6
billion years ago. The Moon is in
synchronous rotation with Earth
meaning the same side is always facing
the Earth. The first unmanned mission
to the Moon was in 1959 by the Soviet
Lunar Program with the first manned
landing being Apollo 11 in 1969..
•The Moon is drifting away from the
Earth.
The Moon is moving approximately 3.8
cm away from our planet every year. It
is estimated that it will continue to do
so for around 50 billion years. By the
time that happens, the Moon will be
taking around 47 days to orbit the
Earth instead of the current 27.3 days.
•The Moon has only been walked on by
12 people; all American males.
The first man to set foot on the Moon
in 1969 was Neil Armstrong on the
Apollo 11 mission, while the last man
to walk on the Moon in 1972 was Gene
Cernan on the Apollo 17 mission. Since
then the Moon has only be visited by
unmanned vehicles.
•The first spacecraft to reach the
Moon was Luna 1 in 1959.
This was a Soviet craft, which was
launched from the USSR. It passed
within 5995 km of the surface of
the Moon before going into orbit
around the Sun.
•The Moon will be visited by man
in the near future.
NASA plans to return astronauts to
the moon to set up a permanent
space station. Mankind may once
again walk on the moon in 2019, if
all goes according to plan. A tour
also is considered.
•Mars is the fourth planet from
the Sun and is the second
smallest planet in the solar
system. Named after the
Roman god of war, Mars is
also often described as the
“Red Planet” due to its
reddish appearance.
•Mars is home to the tallest
mountain in the solar system.
Olympus Mons, a shield volcano,
is 21km high and 600km in
diameter. Despite having formed
over billions of years, evidence
from volcanic lava flows is so
recent many scientists believe it
could still be active.
•Mars has the largest dust storms
in the solar system.
They can last for months and
cover the entire planet. The
seasons are extreme because its
elliptical (oval-shaped) orbital
path around the Sun is more
elongated than most other
planets in the solar system.
• Only 18 missions to Mars have been
successful. As of September 2014 there
have been 40 missions to Mars, including
orbiters, landers and rovers but not
counting flybys. The most recent arrivals
include the Mars Curiosity mission in 2012,
the MAVEN mission, September 22, 2014,
MOM Mangalyaan orbiter, September 24,
2014. ExoMars mission, followed by NASA’s
InSight robotic lander mission, March 2016.
• Mars has two moon Deimos and Phobos.
Mars COMPARED TO EARTH
•The planet Jupiter is the fifth
planet out from the Sun, and is
two and a half times more
massive than all the other planets
in the solar system combined. It is
made primarily of gases and is
therefore known as a “gas giant”.
•The biggest planet.
•Jupiter has the shortest
day of all the planets.
It turns on its axis once
every 9 hours and 55
minutes. The rapid rotation
flattens the planet slightly,
giving it an oblate shape.
•The Great Red Spot is a
huge storm on Jupiter.
It has raged for at least
350 years. It is so large
that three Earths could fit
inside it.
•Jupiter’s moon Ganymede is the
largest moon in the solar system.
Jupiter’s moons are sometimes
called the Jovian satellites, the
largest of these are Ganymeade,
Callisto Io and Europa. Ganymeade
is larger than the planet Mercury.
•Jupiter has 67 known moons.
EARTH COMPARED TO
JUPITER
•Saturn is the sixth planet from
the Sun and the most distant that
can be seen with the naked eye.
Saturn is the second largest
planet and is best known for its
fabulous ring system that was
first observed in 1610 by the
astronomer Galileo Galilei.
•Saturn can be seen with
the naked eye.
It is the fifth brightest
object in the solar
system and is also easily
studied through binoculars
or a small telescope.
•Saturn was known to the
ancients, including the
Babylonians and Far Eastern
observers.
It is named for the Roman god
Saturnus, and was known to
the Greeks as Cronus.
•Saturn orbits the Sun once
every 29.4 Earth years.
Its slow movement against the
backdrop of stars earned it the
nickname of “Lubadsagush”
from the ancient Assyrians. The
name means “oldest of the old”.
•Saturn has 150 moons and
smaller moonlets.
All are frozen worlds. The
largest moons are Titan and
Rhea. Enceladus appears to
have an ocean below its frozen
surface.
EARTH COMPARED TO
saturn
•Uranus is the seventh planet from
the Sun. While being visible to the
naked eye, it was not recognized as a
planet due to its dimness and slow
orbit. Uranus became the first planet
discovered with the use of a telescope.
Uranus is tipped over on its side with
an axial tilt of 98 degrees. It is often
described as “rolling around the Sun
on its side.”
•Uranus was officially discovered by Sir
William Herschel in 1781. It is too dim to
have been seen by the ancients. At first
Herschel thought it was a comet, but
several years later it was confirmed as a
planet. Herschel tried to have his discovery
named “Georgian Sidus” after King George
III. The name Uranus was suggested by
astronomer Johann Bode. The name comes
from the ancient Greek deity Ouranos.
•Uranus makes one trip around
the Sun every 84 Earth years.
During some parts of its orbit one
or the other of its poles point
directly at the Sun and get about
42 years of direct sunlight. The
rest of the time they are in
darkness.
•is often referred to as an “ice giant”
planet. Like the other gas giants, it
has a hydrogen upper layer, which has
helium mixed in. Below that is an icy
“mantle, which surrounds a rock and
ice core. The upper atmosphere is
made of water, ammonia and the
methane ice crystals that give the
planet its pale blue colour.
•Uranus hits the coldest temperatures
of any planet.With minimum
atmospheric temperature of -224°C
Uranus is nearly coldest planet in the
solar system. While Neptune doesn’t
get as cold as Uranus it is on average
colder. The upper atmosphere of
Uranus is covered by a methane haze
which hides the storms that take place
in the cloud decks.
•Only one spacecraft has flown by
Uranus.
In 1986, the Voyager 2 spacecraft
swept past the planet at a
distance of 81,500 km. It
returned the first close-up images
of the planet, its moons, and
rings.
EARTH COMPARED TO
URANUS
•Neptune is the eighth planet
from the Sun making it the most
distant in the solar system.
This gas giant planet may have
formed much closer to the Sun
in early solar system history
before migrating to its present
position.
•Neptune was supposedly
discovered in 1846 by Johann
Gottfried Galle using
calculations by Urbain Le
Verrier and John Couch Adams,
making it a joint British-French-
Germandiscovery.
•Neptune spins on its axis
very rapidly.
Its equatorial clouds take
18 hours to make one
rotation. This is because
Neptune is not solid body.
•Neptune spins on its axis
very rapidly.
Its equatorial clouds take
18 hours to make one
rotation. This is because
Neptune is not solid body.
EARTH COMPARED TO
neptune
ASTEROID
BELT
•The Asteroid Belt contains
billions and billions of asteroids.
•Asteroids get their names from
suggestions by their discoverers
and are also given a number.
T THE DWARF
PLANETS
•Ceres was the first object considered to be
an asteroid.
Italian astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi
discovered and named Ceres in early 1801.
•Ceres is the only dwarf planet with no
moons.
The other dwarf planets; Pluto, Haumea,
Makemake and Eris all have at least one
moon.
CERES COMPARED TO MOON AND
EARTH
•Discovered in 1930, Pluto is the
second closest dwarf planet to
the Sun and was at one point
classified as the ninth planet. Pluto
is the largest dwarf planet but only
the second most massive,
with Eris being the most massive.
•Pluto is named after the Greek god
of the underworld.
This is a later name for the more
well known Hades and was
proposed by Venetia Burney an
eleven year old schoolgirl from
Oxford, England.
•Pluto was discovered on February 18th,
1930 by the Lowell Observatory.
For the 76 years between Pluto being
discovered and the time it was
reclassified as a dwarf planet it
completed under a third of its orbit
around the Sun.
•Pluto is the largest dwarf planet.
At one point it was thought this could
be Eris. Currently the most accurate
measurements give Eris an average
diameter of 2,326km with a margin of
error of 12km, while Pluto’s diameter is
2,372km with a 2km margin of error.
PLUTO COMPARED TO MOON AND
EARTH
•Haumea is the third closest
dwarf planet from the
Sun and is unique in its
elongated shape making it the
least spherical of the dwarf
planets.
• A day on Haumea lasts 3.9 hours.
Haumea’s characteristic extreme elongation is probably
caused by its rotation, which is so rapid it turned it into an
ellipsoid. Its rotational speed as well as its collisional origin
also make Haumea one of the densest dwarf planets
discovered to date.
• Haumea has a spot.
In 2009 a dark red spot was discovered which stands out
from surrounding crystalline ice. It’s thought this spot could
be an area of the dwarf planet that is with a higher
concentration of minerals and carbon rich compounds than
the rest of the icy surface.
HAUMEA COMPARED TO MOON AND
EARTH
•Makemake is the second furthest dwarf
planet from the Sun and is the third largest
dwarf planet in the solar system. Makemake
was discovered on March 31st 2005 and was
recognized as a dwarf planet by the
International Astronomical Union (IAU) in
July 2008. Until April 2016 Makemake was
thought to be the only one of the four outer
dwarf planets to not have any moons.
•Makemake could have been discovered
earlier.Makemake is the second brightest
Kuiper Belt object after Pluto, theoretically
Clyde Tombaugh (discover of Pluto) could
have detected it during his search for trans-
Neptunian planets around 1930. However
Makemake would have been almost
impossible to find against the dense
background of stars of the Milky Way.
MAKEMAKE COMPARED TO MOON AND
EARTH
•Eris is the most distant dwarf
planet from the Sun and has the
greatest mass. Eris is the second largest
dwarf planet and at one point was
considered for the position of the 10th
planet. Eris’ discovery promoted
discussion that eventually lead to the
classification of ‘Dwarf Planets’.
•Eris was once considered for the position of
tenth planet.
Eris is the most massive dwarf planet in
the Solar System, exceeding Pluto’s mass by
28%. As such, it was a serious contender to
be a tenth planet but failed to meet the
criteria set out by the International
Astronomical Union in 2006.
•Eris was named after the Greek
goddess of discord.
Fittingly, picking a name for the object
took unusually long – more than 1.5
years after its discovery in 2005. Some
of the rejected names were Xena, Lila,
and Persephone (Pluto’s wife).
•Eris was named after the Greek
goddess of discord.
Fittingly, picking a name for the object
took unusually long – more than 1.5
years after its discovery in 2005. Some
of the rejected names were Xena, Lila,
and Persephone (Pluto’s wife).
ERIS COMPARED TO MOON AND
EARTH
•The first man on space is YURI
GAGARIN
•The first dog on space is LAIKA
•The first woman on space is
Valentina Tereshkova.