Radiography: J K Singh Lecturer/EM
Radiography: J K Singh Lecturer/EM
J K Singh
Lecturer/EM
OBJECTIVES
To:
• understand the principle of radiographic
testing
• Know the technique of testing
• Become familiar with standards & codes
• Learn the applications.
INTRODUCTION
Radiography:
• one of the oldest & the most widely used NDT which
uses X-rays or -rays radiation to examine the interior
of the materials.
• gives a permanent film record of defects that is easy
to interpret.
• applied for assessing the quality of the welded joints
also.
• can detect flaws or discontinuities in welds such as
cracks, porosity & blow holes, slag, flux or oxide
inclusions, lack of fusion between the weld metal &
the parent metal, incomplete penetration, tungsten
inclusion, etc.
PROPERTIES OF X- RAYS & - RAYS
X- rays are highly penetrating electromagnetic
radiations of wave length shorter than UV-rays (X-
rays: 5 to 0.0004A, - rays: 0.1 to 0.005A)
These rays have the following properties:
• Invisible electromagnetic radiations.
• Can penetrate matter. Penetration is less if density of
matter is more and thickness is more
• Are differentially absorbed.
• Travel in straight lines.
• Produce photochemical effects on films.
• May be refracted, reflected and diffracted
• Damage living tissues
• Ionise gases through which it pass.
PRINCIPLE
• Both X-rays & -rays are very short wave length
electro magnetic radiation which penetrate opaque
materials & obtain a permanent record of the result
on sensitized film.
• When these rays pass through a material having
defects, the rays passing through the less denser
parts of the object are absorbed to a smaller extent
than the rays passing through the adjacent sound
material (because of difference in density & thickness
of the test piece) & are allowed to fall on a light
sensitive film placed on the back side of the object to
be radiographed.
Contd-
• After exposure for the prescribed time, the film is
developed.
• The contrast (difference in density) on the developed
film between the image of an area containing a
defect & the image of a defect free area of the
specimen permits the observer to distinguish the
flaw.
• The film is called exograph, if X-rays are used &
gamma ray graph, if -rays are used.
• Both types of film are called radiograph
(photographic record of defects)
GENERATION OF X-RAYS
• X-rays are produced by an X-ray tube.
• An X- ray tube is an evacuated tube, usually made of
glass, containing an electrically heated filament
which liberates electrons & a tungsten anode.
• The electrons liberated from the heated filament are
made to impact on the anode with the help of large
PD (50 to 2000KV) between the filament & the
anode.
• X-rays are emitted due to the impact of high velocity
electrons on the anode.
Contd-----
• Only about 1% of the total electron energy is converted
into X-rays & the rest of it transforms into heat due to
which the anode is heated to a very high temp & a device
to cool the anode by water or oil is necessary.
• The X-rays come out of the tube through a window in the
form of a beam.
• The intensity of X-rays is directly proportional to the
filament current & the wave length is inversely
proportional to the voltage between the cathode &
anode.
• Both the voltage & the current can be varied due to
which the tube may be adjusted over a wide range of
operating characteristics depending upon the material to
be radiographed.
GENERATION OF X-RAYS
METHOD OF TESTING
• The X-ray tube, components to be tested & film are set
up as shown in the fig
• The X-rays are allowed to fall upon the test piece
• A cassette containing film is placed behind & in contact
with the component lar to the rays.
• Since most defects possess lesser density than the
sound parent metal, they transmit X-rays or -rays
better than the sound metal does, therefore the film
appears to be more dark where defects are in line of the
beam.
• Usually a penetrameter is placed on the side of the
source adjacent to the weld.
• Thickness of the penetrameter is usually 2% of the
thickness of the weld joint.
MARKING OF RADIOGRAPHIC LOCATION, DIRECTION OF
WELD BEAD AND PLACING OF PENETROMETER
WELDED COMPONENT
SETTING UP OF CASSETTE
X-RAY MACHINE
RADIOGRAPHY TESTING
RADIOGRAPHY TESTING
GENERATION OF - RAYS
Neutron radiography:-
It is used to solve complex problem that can not be
solved by X-rays or Y-rays. It is used for detecting
internal cracks of very light materials like plastic,
rubber components, etc.
THANK YOU