Operating System Structure
Uploaded by
Adi NurOperating System Structure
Uploaded by
Adi NurOperating
System OS Structure
PREPARED FOR
Sir Nizam
PREPARED BY :
Juladi & Yazid
3.0 Operating-System Structures
System Components
Operating System Services
System Calls
System Programs
System Structure
Virtual Machines
System Design and Implementation
System Generation
Pictures Of System Structure
1) System Components
Process Management
Main Memory Management
File Management
I/O System Management
Secondary Management
Networking
Protection System
Command-Interpreter System
2) Operating System Services
Program execution – system capability to load a program
into memory and to run it.
I/O operations – since user programs cannot execute
I/O operations directly, the operating system must
provide some means to perform I/O.
File-system manipulation – program capability to read,
write, create, and delete files.
Communications – exchange of information between
processes executing either on the same computer or on
different systems tied together by a network.
Implemented via shared memory or message passing.
Error detection – ensure correct computing by detecting
errors in the CPU and memory hardware, in I/O devices,
or in user programs.
Additional Operating System
Functions
Additional functions exist not for helping the
user, but rather for ensuring efficient system
operations.
Resource allocation – allocating resources to
multiple users or multiple jobs running at the
same time.
Accounting – keep track of and record which
users use how much and what kinds of computer
resources for account billing or for accumulating
usage statistics.
Protection – ensuring that all access to system
resources is controlled.
3) System Calls
System calls provide the interface between a
running program and the operating system.
Three general methods are used to pass
parameters between a running program and the
operating system.
Pass parameters in registers.
Store the parameters in a table in memory, and the
table address is passed as a parameter in a register.
Push (store) the parameters onto the stack by the
program, and pop off the stack by operating system.
Types of System Calls
Process control
File management
Device management
Information maintenance
Communications
4) System Programs
System programs provide a convenient
environment for program development and
execution. The can be divided into:
File manipulation
Status information
File modification
Programming language support
Program loading and execution
Communications
Application programs
Most users’ view of the operation system is
defined by system programs, not the actual
system calls.
5) System Structure
MS-DOS – written to provide the most
functionality in the least space
not divided into modules
Although MS-DOS has some structure, its
interfaces and levels of functionality are not well
separated
MS-DOS Layer Structure
UNIX System Structure
An Operating System Layer
OS/2 Layer Structure
Windows NT Client-Server Structure
6) Virtual Machines
A virtual machine takes the
layered approach to its logical
conclusion. It treats hardware
and the operating system kernel
as though they were all hardware
A virtual machine provides an
interface identical to the
underlying bare hardware.
Virtual Machines (Cont.)
The resources of the physical computer are
shared to create the virtual machines.
CPU scheduling can create the appearance that
users have their own processor.
Spooling and a file system can provide virtual card
readers and virtual line printers.
A normal user time-sharing terminal serves as the
virtual machine operator’s console.
System Models
Non-virtual Machine Virtual Machine
Advantages/Disadvantages of Virtual Machines
The virtual-machine concept provides complete
protection of system resources since each virtual
machine is isolated from all other virtual machines.
This isolation, however, permits no direct sharing of
resources.
A virtual-machine system is a perfect vehicle for
operating-systems research and development. System
development is done on the virtual machine, instead of
on a physical machine and so does not disrupt normal
system operation.
The virtual machine concept is difficult to implement
due to the effort required to provide an exact duplicate
to the underlying machine.
7) System Design Goals
User goals – operating system should
be convenient to use, easy to learn,
reliable, safe, and fast.
System goals – operating system should
be easy to design, implement, and
maintain, as well as flexible, reliable,
error-free, and efficient.
8) System Implementation
Traditionally written in assembly language,
operating systems can now be written in
higher-level languages.
Code written in a high-level language:
can be written faster.
is more compact.
is easier to understand and debug.
An operating system is far easier to port
(move to some other hardware) if it is written
in a high-level language.
9) System Generation (SYSGEN)
Operating systems are designed to run on
any of a class of machines; the system must
be configured for each specific computer site.
SYSGEN program obtains information
concerning the specific configuration of the
hardware system.
Booting – starting a computer by loading the
kernel.
Bootstrap program – code stored in ROM that
is able to locate the kernel, load it into
memory, and start its execution.
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