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Skinner studied operant conditioning by placing rats in a Skinner box. Operant conditioning is a method of learning using rewards and punishments to shape behaviors. It involves associating a behavior with a consequence. There are two key concepts - reinforcement which increases behaviors through pleasant consequences, and punishment which decreases behaviors by removing rewards or adding unpleasant consequences. Positive reinforcement and negative punishment can be effective ways for teachers to encourage positive student behaviors in the classroom.

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163 views19 pages

Assign 2 - 02 - Chen Song Jie

Skinner studied operant conditioning by placing rats in a Skinner box. Operant conditioning is a method of learning using rewards and punishments to shape behaviors. It involves associating a behavior with a consequence. There are two key concepts - reinforcement which increases behaviors through pleasant consequences, and punishment which decreases behaviors by removing rewards or adding unpleasant consequences. Positive reinforcement and negative punishment can be effective ways for teachers to encourage positive student behaviors in the classroom.

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Skinner:

Operant Conditioning
T01 Chen Song Jie
CONTENTS

Introduction Conculsion
1 Analyzing
5
3

2 4
New Action
Reflecting
Operant Conditioning

1 Operant conditioning is a method of


learning that occurs through applying
rewards and punishments for behaviors.

In operant conditioning, an individual makes


2 an association between a particular
behavior and a consequence.

Skinner studied operant conditioning by


3 conducting experiments using a rat which
he placed in a 'Skinner box'.
Operant Conditioning
There are two key concepts in operant conditioning：

1.Reinforcement
 Reinforcement refers to the process which the frequency of a
behavior is increased due to the expectation of a certain
consequence.

2.Punishment
 Punishment is the decrement of the frequency of a behavior by
introducing aversive consequences or removing reinforcers.
Reinforcement

 Positive reinforcers are favorable consequences presented after the


behavior. In positive reinforcement, a behavior is strengthened by the
expectation of an consequence considered pleasant by the person,
such as receiving a praise or a reward.

 Eg: If a person performs well at work and his manager gives him a
bonus, he will be motivated to maintain the good performance in
expectations of receiving a bonus in the future.
Reinforcement

 Negative reinforcers are the removal of an unfavorable consequence as


a result of the behavior. In negative reinforcement, a behavior is
strengthened by the expectation of the stopping, removing, or avoiding a
negative consequence or aversive stimulus.

 Eg: A person could be motivated to leave his house early so as to


avoid being reprimanded by his boss for being late for work.
Punishment
 Positive punishment, sometimes referred to as punishment by
application, presents an unfavorable consequence in order to weaken
the behavior it follows.

 Eg: Spanking for misbehavior.


Punishment

 Negative punishment, also known as punishment by removal, occurs


when a favorable consequence is removed after a behavior occurs.

 Eg: Taking away a child's video game when he is misbehave.


Operant Conditioning
 Everyone has different reinforcers and punishers. To apply the principles
of behavioral learning, a teacher needs to know if the things they give is
a reinforcer or punisher to the individual.

 Immediacy of Consequences will also affect the behavior;


consequences that follow behaviors closely in time affect behavior far
more than delayed consequences.
Reflecting

 Operant conditioning can be commonly found in our daily life.

 Eg: One of my relative’s daughter likes to eat sweets, and when I


promise her that I will give her sweets if she finishes her homework
well, she tends to try her best in her work.

Through this, we can see that the positive reinforcement has taken place
and it is a good way to motivate children to cultivate positive habits.
Reflecting

 Operant conditioning has its limitations. The children may become


dependent on rewards or punishments to sustain their habits.

 If the rewards or punishments stops, they might stop their positive


behavior or return to their prior negative behavior.
Analyzing

 Operant conditioning is a effective process to educate the children to


cultivate positive behavior and reduce their negative behavior.

 In an experiment. Students were divided into two groups, the


experimental group and the control group.

 For the experimental group, a teacher used operant conditioning


techniques on them. On the other hand, the control group did not have
any techniques applied on them.
Analyzing

At the end of the experiment, the authors found out that the frequency of inappropriate
behaviors had decreased and appropriate behaviors had increase in the experimental class.
The level of inappropriate behaviors remained essentially the same in the control class.

We can see that operant conditioning has a significant impact on students, and it is an effective
mean in encouraging positive behavior and discouraging negative behavior amongst students.
New Action
 As a future educator, I believe that operant conditioning is a powerful
tool that can be utilized to facilitate learning in the classroom.

 Punishment is often the method used by teachers to ensure discipline in


the classroom, but I believe that positive reinforcement can be effective
in encouraging positive behaviors in students as well.
New Action
 Students might pick up useful skills easier such as how they could
memorize the spelling of words through utilizing operant conditioning.

 Eg: When they spell the words correctly, I can praise them for doing
it right. When they do not get it exactly correct, I can stop the praise
to prevent them from doing it this way in the future.
New Action
 Rewards should not be overused, as it is important to prevent the child
from developing a dependency.

 Eg: If students become too accustomed to receiving sweets for a


certain behavior, they may eventually struggle to continue the
behavior without being presented with such a treat.
Conculsion
 I hope to turn the reinforcer or punisher into something more intrinsic so
that the student are self-driven instead of being reliant on external
motivators.

 That will help them to maintain the positive habits and avert the negative
habits in the long run.
References

Belsky, J. (2008). Rewards are Better than Punishment: Here’s Why. Retrieved from
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/family-affair/200809/rewards-are-better-
punishment-here-s-why
Cherry, K. (2018). Skinner Box or Operant Conditioning Chamber. Retrieved from
https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-a-skinner-box-2795875
Cherry, K. (2018). What Is Operant Conditioning and How Does It Work?. Retrieved from
https://www.verywellmind.com/operant-conditioning-a2-2794863
Mcallister, L, W., Stachowiak, J, G., Baer, D, M., & Conderman, L. (1969). The Application Of
Operant Conditioning Techniques In A Secondary School Classroom. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1311079/pdf/jaba00082-0061.pdf
McLeod, K. (2018). Skinner - Operant Conditioning. Retrieved from
https://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html
Prince, K. (2013). The Difference between Positive/Negative Reinforcement and Positive/Negative
Punishment. Retrieved from https://bcotb.com/the-difference-between-positivenegative-r
einforcement-and-positivenegative-punishment/
Slavin, R.E. (2014). Educational Psychology Theory and Practice (10th Ed.). Great Britain, GBR:
Pearson.
T h a n k Yo u

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