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Cramer's Rule: Applying Determinants To Solve Systems of Equations 2x2 & 3x3

Cramer's Rule is a method for solving systems of linear equations using determinants. It involves calculating the determinant of the original coefficient matrix and then determinants of modified matrices where one column is replaced by the constant vector. The solutions are then found by taking the ratio of these determinants. Cramer's Rule can be applied to 2x2 and 3x3 systems of equations. It fails when the determinant of the original coefficient matrix is zero, indicating the system has no solution or infinite solutions.

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Mervin Jason Nicavera Bonsol
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289 views19 pages

Cramer's Rule: Applying Determinants To Solve Systems of Equations 2x2 & 3x3

Cramer's Rule is a method for solving systems of linear equations using determinants. It involves calculating the determinant of the original coefficient matrix and then determinants of modified matrices where one column is replaced by the constant vector. The solutions are then found by taking the ratio of these determinants. Cramer's Rule can be applied to 2x2 and 3x3 systems of equations. It fails when the determinant of the original coefficient matrix is zero, indicating the system has no solution or infinite solutions.

Uploaded by

Mervin Jason Nicavera Bonsol
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Cramer’s Rule

Applying Determinants to solve


Systems of Equations
2x2 & 3x3
Cramer's Rule
Gabriel Cramer was a Swiss mathematician (1704-
1752)
Introduction
 Cramer’s Rule is a method for solving linear
simultaneous equations. It makes use of
determinants and so a knowledge of these is
necessary before proceeding.

 Cramer’s Rule relies on determinants


Coefficient Matrices
 You can use determinants to solve a system of
linear equations.
 You use the coefficient matrix of the linear
system.
 Linear System Coeff Matrix
ax+by=e a b 
cx+dy=f c d 
 
2x2 Determinants

a b
det A 
c d

Det A = ad – cb
Cramer’s Rule for 2x2
2 x  3 y  12
Part 1 
 x  2 y  9
1. Extract Coefficients
2 3
1 2

2. Calculate Determinant of Original Matrix


22  1 3  4  3  1
Cramer’s Rule for 2x2
Part 2 (Solving for x)
3. Replace the 1st column of the coefficient matrix
with the constant matrix.
2 3 12  3

1 2 9 2
4. Calculate the determinant of new matrix &
divide by original determinant.
51
122  9 3  x   51
1
Cramer’s Rule for 2x2
Part 3 (Solving for y)
5. Replace the 2nd column of the coefficient matrix
with the constant matrix.
2 3 2 12

1 2 1 9
6. Calculate the determinant of new matrix &
divide by original determinant.
29  112  y   30
30
1
Cramer’s Rule for 2x2
Part 4
7. To check x and y, substitute 51 in for x and 30
in for y.
251  330  12

 51  230  9
Ex #4 Solve
2 0
Part 1: 2
1 1

16 0 2 16
Part 2:  16  0  16 Part 3: y =  4
6 1 1 6
16 4
x 8 y  2
2 2
3x3 Determinants
a b c a b
det A  d e f d e
g h i g h

Downward : Upward :
aei  bfg  cdh   gec  hfa  idb 
Cramer’s Rule for 3x3
Part 1
1. Extract coefficients.
2 1 2 2 1
2 0 1 2 0 
1 3 4 1 3

2. Calculate Original Determinant (OD) of Matrix


Cramer’s Rule for 3x3
Part 2 (Solving for x)
3. Replace the 1st column of the coefficient matrix
with the constant matrix.
7 1 2 7 1
5 0 1  5 0
10 3 4 10 3
4. Calculate the determinant of new matrix &
divide by original determinant (15). 39
40  1  39 x  2.6
15
Cramer’s Rule for 3x3
Part 3 (Solving for y)
5. Replace the 2nd column of the coefficient matrix
with the constant matrix.
2 7 2 2 7
2 5 1  2 5
1 10 4 1 10
6. Calculate the determinant of new matrix &
divide by original determinant (15). 33
y  2.2
15
Cramer’s Rule for 3x3
Part 4 (Solving for z)
7. Replace the 3rd column of the coefficient matrix
with the constant matrix.
2 1 7 2 1
2 0 5  2 0
1 3 10 1 3
8. Calculate the determinant of new matrix &
divide by original determinant (15).
3
z  0.2
15
Cramer’s Rule for 3x3
Part 5
9. To check x and y, substitute 2.6 in for x, 2.2 in
for y, and 0.2 in for z.
Example 2
 Solve the system : 3x - 2y + z = 9
 x + 2y - 2z = -5
x + y - 4z = -2
9 2 1 3 9 1
5 2 2 1 5 2
2 1 4 23 1 2 4 69
x  1 y   3
3 2 1 23 3 2 1 23
1 2 2 1 2 2
1 1 4 1 1 4
Example 2

3 2 9
1 2 5
1 1 2 0
z  0
3 2 1 23 The solution is
1 2 2
1 1 4 (1, -3, 0)
Cramer’s Rule
 Not all systems have a definite solution. If the
determinant of the coefficient matrix is zero, a
solution cannot be found using Cramer’s Rule
because of division by zero.
 When the solution cannot be determined, one of
two conditions exists:
 The planes graphed by each equation are parallel
and there are no solutions.
 The three planes share one line (like three pages of
a book share the same spine) or represent the same
plane, in which case there are infinite solutions.

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