CHAPTER 5 FORM 5

Chemical for
作者信息：

Consumers Mok Su Nim

Madeline Kho Celleen Chok Yean Ping
Cherlyn Teo Yan En
SOAP
-sodium or potassium salts of long chain carboxylic acids
General
equation
RCOONa / RCOOK (R is an alkyl group which contain 12 to 18 carbon atoms)
作者信息：
Process of Making Soap(Saponification)

STAGE 1 Hydrolysis
Ester + Water
Alkali as catalyst
Fatty acid + Glycerol
• two parts of oil/fat molecules are separated by heating the oil with alkaline solution through hydrolysis
• the ester molecule is broken up into fatty acid and glycerol by water in the presence of alkali which act as
catalyst

STAGE 2
Fatty acid+Sodium hydroxide (alkali) Sodium salt or fatty acid (soap)+Water
• Fatty acid released at Stage 1 reacts with alkali to form sodium salt of fatty acid which is soap
Detergent
-made up from synthetic substances
-Example: sodium alkyl sulphate and sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate
作者信息：
Process of Making Detergent
Stage 1 : Sulphonation of alcohol Stage 2 :Neutralisation
• Long-chain alcohol reacts with concentrated • Sodium hydroxide solution neutralises alkyl sulphonic
sulphuric acid to form alkyl sulphonic acid acid to produce sodium alkyl sulphate salt (detergent)

CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 O CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 O

= =

= =
OH+H—O—S—O—H CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 O—S—O—H+ NaOH
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
O O
Long-chain alcohol Concentrated Alkyl sulphonic acid Sodium hydroxide
sulphuric acid
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 O
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 O

= =
- +
= =

O—S—O—H+ H2O O—S—O Na + H2O

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
Alkyl sulphonic acid O Water Sodium alkyl sulphate O Water
Soap and Detergent Molecules
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 O
C +
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 O- Na
作者信息： Soap
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 O

= =
- +
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2CH2 C—S—O Na
CH2 O
v CH2
CH3
Detergent(LAS or linear alkyl sulphonate)
or

Hydrophobic tail Hydrophilic head

-long-chain carbon which –ionic part which ‘loves
‘hates water’ Hydrophobic tail
Hydrophilic head water’
The Cleaning Action of Soap and Detergent
Step Step 1 Step 2 Stes 3 Step 4

作者信息：

Greas
e
Surface

Description • When a soap is added into • The hydrophobic tail • The action of The grease is
water containing layers of will dissolve in grease scrubbing and dispersed into smaller
grease ,the soap molecules while the hydrophilic brushing will loosen droplets
lower the surface tension of head will remain in the grease and lift (emulsified )and when
water and help to wet the water them up the water is rinsed
surface off,the grease will go
off too
 Differences between Soap and Detergent
S o a p Detergent

作者信息：
effective in soft water Effectiveness effective in soft and hard water

Formation of scum
forms scum in hard water does not forms scum in hard water
Formation of
form precipitate in acidic water precipitate Do not form precipitate in acidic
water

biodegradable(does not cause pollution) Effect on the

environment
non-biodegradable(cause pollution)
 Food additives

作者信息：
Stabilisers &
Antioxidants Preservatives Colouring agents Flavouring
thickener

Sodium nitrite ,
ascorbic acid , Gelatin , acacia ,
benzoic acid,
citric acid gum ,lecithin
sulphur dioxide ,
sodium benzoate

Synthetic Monosodium Sweetener such

Natural
Azo compounds , glutamate(MS as aspartame ,
Pandan , rose ,
triphenyl compound , G) saccharin , sugar
turmeric , saffron
sunset yellow
Function of Food Additives and Examples
Fungsi Example
作者信息：
Preservation Canned food , tomato sauce,
• To prevent the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria , mould Sausages , nuggets , burgers
or fungus , so that food can be stores for a long time
Colouring Sweets , cakes , yogurt , soup
• To give food colour so as to improve their appearance

Antioxidants Margarine ,Tomato sauces ,

• To prevent the oxidation of fats and oils by oxygen in the air cakes , biscuits , pastries

Stabilisers and thickeners Cakes , chocolate, ice cream,

• To improve the texture and the blending of foods tomato sauces , yogurt ,
mayonnaise
Flavouring Crackers , sweets ,
• To enhance the taste of food instant noodles , frozen foods ,
• Sweeteners such as aspartame or saccharin are added to food and fast food
drinks to substitute sugar for diabetic patients
 Medicine
-substance used to prevent or cure diseases or to reduce pain and suffering due to illnesses
Traditional Modern
-derived from plants or animals
作者信息：
-made by scientists in laboratories and are based on substances
found in nature
Ginger Types of Funtion
modern
Papaya medicines
Lemongrass Analgesics To relieve pain but do not cure the disease
leaves
Exampl Example: Aspirin , Paracetamol, Codeine
e Antibiotics To kill or slow down the growth of bacteria
Garli
Example: Penicillin, Streptomycin
Ginseng
c
Aloe Psychotherapeutic To treat mental illness but do not cure the
disease
vera
Example:
Antidepressants ,Stimulants ,Antipsychotic
作者信息：

C H E M I IS T R Y