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    Control Systems (Introduction)

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    Junnel Negad
    This document introduces control systems and their key components. It defines a control system as an interconnection of components that provide a desired system response. A control system contains inputs, processes, and outputs. It also distinguishes between open-loop and closed-loop control systems, with closed-loop systems using feedback to make control actions dependent on the desired output. Finally, it categorizes control systems based on the types of signals they process.

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    Control Systems (Introduction)

    Uploaded by

    Junnel Negad
    51 views15 pages
    This document introduces control systems and their key components. It defines a control system as an interconnection of components that provide a desired system response. A control system contains inputs, processes, and outputs. It also distinguishes between open-loop and closed-loop control systems, with closed-loop systems using feedback to make control actions dependent on the desired output. Finally, it categorizes control systems based on the types of signals they process.

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    This document introduces control systems and their key components. It defines a control system as an interconnection of components that provide a desired system response. A control system contains inputs, processes, and outputs. It also distinguishes between open-loop and closed-loop control systems, with closed-loop systems using feedback to make control actions dependent on the desired output. Finally, it categorizes control systems based on the types of signals they process.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    51 views15 pages

    Control Systems (Introduction)

    Uploaded by

    Junnel Negad
    This document introduces control systems and their key components. It defines a control system as an interconnection of components that provide a desired system response. A control system contains inputs, processes, and outputs. It also distinguishes between open-loop and closed-loop control systems, with closed-loop systems using feedback to make control actions dependent on the desired output. Finally, it categorizes control systems based on the types of signals they process.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    1

    Control Systems
    Introduction

    Engr. JDN 12/5/2018


    2 Control
     the ability or power to decide or strongly
    influence the particular way in which something
    will happen or someone will behave, or the
    condition of having such ability or power.

    System
     a set of connected items or devices that
    operate together
     Anything with inputs and outputs

    Engr. JDN 12/5/2018


    3 Control Engineering
     is based on the foundations of feedback theory and linear system
    analysis, and it generates the concepts of network theory and
    communication theory.
     is not limited to any engineering discipline but is equally applicable
    to aeronautical, chemical, mechanical, environmental, civil, and
    electrical engineering.

    Control System
     is an interconnection of components forming a system
    configuration that will provide a desired system response.

    Input Process Output

    Figure 1.1 Simple Block Diagram of a Control System


    Engr. JDN 12/5/2018
    4
    Definitions:

     INPUT - is the stimulus, excitation, or command applied to a


    control system, typically from an external energy source, usually
    in order to produce a specified response from a control system.

     OUTPUT - is the actual response obtained from a control system.


    It may or may not be equal to the specified response implied by
    the input.

     PROCESS - an artificial or voluntary, progressively continuing


    operation that consists of a series of controlled actions or
    movements systematically directed toward a particular result or
    end.
    Engr. JDN 12/5/2018
    5 Definitions:
     DISTURBANCE - is a signal that tends to adversely affect the
    value of the output of a system.

     CONTROLLED VARIABLE- is the quantity or condition that is


    measured and controlled. Normally, the controlled variable is
    the output of the system.

     MANIPULATED VARIABLE - is the quantity or condition that is


    varied by the controller so as to affect the value of the
    controlled variable.

    Engr. JDN 12/5/2018


    6
    Definitions:
     SENSORS - are a crucial part of any control system design,
    since they provide the necessary information upon which the
    controller action is based. They are the eyes of the controller.

     ACTUATORS - If sensors provide the eyes of control, then


    actuators provide the muscle. They are also the source of
    limitations in control performance.

    Engr. JDN 12/5/2018


    7 Types of Control System System Configurations
    1. Man-made 1. Open-loop Control System

    2. Natural, including biological System 2. Closed-loop Control System

    3. Both man-made and natural

    Advantages of Control System

    1. Power Amplification
    2. Remote control
    3. Convenience of input form
    4. Compensation for disturbances

    Engr. JDN 12/5/2018


    8 Open-loop Control System
     Utilizes a controller or control actuator to obtain the desired
    response.
     A system without feedback

    Desired
    Actuating
    Output Process Output
    Device
    Response

    Figure 1.2 Open-loop Control


    System

    Engr. JDN 12/5/2018


    9 Closed-loop Control System
     output is fed back to the input. So, the control action is
    dependent on the desired output.
     The actuating error signal, which is the difference between
    the input signal and the feedback signal, is fed to the
    controller so as to reduce the error and bring the output of
    the system to a desired value.

    Figure 1.2 Open-loop Control System


    Engr. JDN 12/5/2018
    10 Feedback
     Is the property of a closed-loop system which permits the
    output (or some other controlled variable) to be compared
    with the input to the system so that the appropriate control
    action may be formed as some function of the output and
    input.

     Positive Feedback - an output signal fed back so that it adds


    to the input signal.

     Negative Feedback - an output signal fed back so that it


    subtracts from the input signal.

    Engr. JDN 12/5/2018


    11 Open-loop versus Closed-loop
    Open Loop Control Systems Closed Loop Control Systems

    Control action is independent of the desired Control action is dependent of the desired output.
    output.

    Feedback path is not present. Feedback path is present.

    These are also called as non-feedback control These are also called as feedback control systems.
    systems.

    Easy to design. Difficult to design.

    These are economical. These are costlier.

    Inaccurate. Accurate.

    Engr. JDN 12/5/2018


    12 Multiloop Feedback Control System
     Contains more than one feedback loop

    Engr. JDN 12/5/2018


    13 Multivariable Control System
     A system with more than one input variable or more than one
    output variable

    Engr. JDN 12/5/2018


    14
    SIGNALS IN A CONTROL SYSTEM
     Analog Signal or Continuous-Time Signal or
    Continuous-Data Signal
     a signal dependent on a continuum of values of
    independent variable time t.

     Digital Signal or Discrete-Time Signal or


    Discrete-Data Signal
     a signal defined at only discrete or distinct instants
    of independent variable time t.

    Engr. JDN 12/5/2018


    15 TYPES OF CONTROL SYSTEM
    according to signal they process
     Analog Control System
     Contain or process only continuous-time/analog signals.

     Digital Control System


     Have discrete-time/digital signals and components at
    one or more points in the system.

     Hybrid Control System


     Combination of both analog and digital control system.

    Engr. JDN 12/5/2018

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