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Enthalpy of Solution

Here are the steps to solve these problems: 1) Given: 20 g NaOH, 500 mL solution Find: Percentage concentration (%) Steps: - Moles NaOH = 20 g / 40 g/mol = 0.5 mol - Volume of solution = 500 mL = 0.5 L - Percentage concentration = (Moles solute / Total volume) x 100% = (0.5 mol / 0.5 L) x 100% = 10% 2) Given: 10 mL C2H6O, 40 mL total solution Find: Percentage concentration (%) Steps: - Moles C2H6O = 10 mL x 0.789 g/mL

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968 views41 pages

Enthalpy of Solution

Here are the steps to solve these problems: 1) Given: 20 g NaOH, 500 mL solution Find: Percentage concentration (%) Steps: - Moles NaOH = 20 g / 40 g/mol = 0.5 mol - Volume of solution = 500 mL = 0.5 L - Percentage concentration = (Moles solute / Total volume) x 100% = (0.5 mol / 0.5 L) x 100% = 10% 2) Given: 10 mL C2H6O, 40 mL total solution Find: Percentage concentration (%) Steps: - Moles C2H6O = 10 mL x 0.789 g/mL

Uploaded by

Trisha
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Energy of Solution Formation

Spread out
of solute
A
Solute crystal

Spread out
of solvent

B
Solvent
• Magnesium sulfate (soluteMarked
– label
as this
A A,
the darker spheres) breaks apart from ionic
bonds that hold the ions together in the
crystal, allowing the ions to separate from
each other.
• The enthalpy (heat absorbed or absorbed
in the reaction) in this process is marked
ΔH1. Since this is an endothermic
process, energy is required for this
reaction, thus ΔH1 > 0.
• The second process is very similar to the
first step. In the solvent, water (label this
B, the lighter shaded spheres),also needs
to overcome the intermolecular forces
between molecules and allow them to
separate from each other.
Spread out
of solute

Solute crystal
Spread out
of solvent

Solvent
• The enthalpy of this process is
marked ΔH2.
• This process is also an endothermic
process, where ΔH2 > 0 because
energy is required to break the
forces between water molecules
• Solute A has broken the attractive forces
holding it together, and solvent B has
broken the intermolecular forces holding
it together as well. Simultaneously
happening with these two processes is the
third process.
Spread out
of solute

Solute
Spread out
of solvent

Solvent
• Two values, ΔH1 and ΔH2 are so far
considered.
• Both values are greater than zero because
both processes are endothermic.
• Energy is required to separate both solute-
solute particles and solvent-solvent
particles.
• Unlike the earlier processes which
involve breaking of attractive forces and
therefore require energy, formation of
attractive force is an energy releasing
process or an exothermic process. Thus,
ΔH3 < 0.

Solute

Solvent
• The third process occurs when
solute/ magnesium sulfate (A) and
solvent/water (B) mix.
• The solute molecules and the solvent
molecules form attractive forces.
• The energy involved in formation of
attractive forces between solute and
solvent is marked ΔH3.
• enthalpy of solution can either be
endothermic or exothermic.
• Thus, the enthalpy change in forming a
solution (ΔH solution) can either be
greater or less than zero, depending how
much energy is required or given off in
each step.
• The enthalpy of solution can be written as:

ΔHsolution = ΔH1 + ΔH2 + ΔH3

• If ΔHsolution > 0, the solution formation is


endothermic or energy-requiring.

• If ΔHsolution < 0, then this solution formation is


exothermic or energy releasing.
Energy Diagram for Endothermic
Dissolving Process
Energy Diagram for Exothermic Dissolving
Process
• In an endothermic solution
process, the sum of the strength of
the two processes—breaking of forces
of attraction among solute
(NH4NO3) particles and among
solvent (H2O) particles—is greater
than the magnitude of the force
joining the solute and solvent to form
the solution.
• This means that the energy produced
from the formation of attractive
forces between solute and solvent is
not enough to supply the energy
required for breaking attractive
forces.
• If the amount of energy lacking is
small enough and can be absorbed
from the surroundings, the
solution forms.
• However, if the amount of energy
lacking is too big, the solution does
not form.
SUMMARY

• Polar solutes dissolve in polar


solvents. The energy released from
the interaction of polar solute and
polar solvent is sufficiently large to
provide for the energy required to
break dipolar forces in the solute and
dipolar forces in the solvent.
• Nonpolar solutes dissolve in
nonpolar solvents. Nonpolar
substances form weak London
dispersion forces (LDF), and release
only a small amount of energy, but
enough to be used to break weak
LDF between solute particles and
between solvent particles.
• Nonpolar solutes will not dissolve in polar
solvents.
• Nonpolar substances form only weak LDF
with polar substances.
• Only a small amount of energy is
released. This may be sufficient to
break LDF between nonpolar solute
particles, but will be too small to break
dipolar interactions between polar
solvent particles.
• Polar solutes will not dissolve in
nonpolar solvents for similar reasons as
the preceding case.
Molar Concentration
Express the relative amounts of solute and
solvent in a solution:

• Concentration expressions are often


based on the number of moles of one
or more components of a solution. The
three most commonly used are
molarity, mole fraction, and molality.
• Mole Fraction is a way of describing
solution composition. It is the ratio of
the number of moles of one
component of a mixture to the total
number of moles of all components.
This is symbolized by the Greek
lowercase letter chi, , with a subscript
to indicate the component of interest.
It is computed using the formula.
Example

1. What is the mole fraction of the solute in


a 40% by mass ethanol (C2H6O) solution
in water?
• The problem asks the mole fraction of
the solute (C2H6O), given only the
percentage by mass (40%) of the solute in
the solution.
• Given: 40% by mass ethanol solution
• MM ethanol = 46 g/mole
• MM water = 18 g/mole
• Unknown: mole fraction of solute
• The following steps can be employed
to solve the problem:
• Step1: In converting concentration units
based on the mass or moles of a solute
and solvent or mass percentage, it is
useful to assume there is exactly 100
grams of solution. Because the solution
is 40% ethanol (C2H6O), it contains 40
grams of ethanol and 60 grams of water.
• Step 2: Change the masses of the
components ethanol and water to number
of moles.
• Step 3: Substitute the values obtained
in the formula and solve for the mole
fraction of the solute ethanol, and the
solvent water.
1. A 40.0 gram-sample of methanol, CH4O
is mixed with 60.0 grams of ethanol,
C2H6O. What is the mole fraction of the
methanol
2. Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, is used by
some water treatment systems to remove
the disagreeable odor of sulfides in
drinking water. An aqueous solution of
H2O2 prepared in the laboratory was
found to have a concentration of 20.0% by
mass. What is the mole fraction of H2O2?
Solve
• A 40.0 gram-sample of methanol, CH4O is
mixed with 60.0 grams of ethanol, C2H6O.
What is the mole fraction of the methanol?
40 g
Mole methanol = = 1.25 mol
32.04 g/mol
60 g
Mole ethanol = = 1.30
46 g/mol
1.25 mol
Mole fraction methanol = = .49 mol
1.25 mol + 1.30 mol
Molality
• (symbolized by m) is the ratio of the
number of moles of solute per
kilogram of solvent.
• In molarity, the number of moles of solute
is divided by the volume of the solution, in
liters.
• One offshoot of the difference of molality
from molarity is that molality does not
change with the solution’s temperature.
• In molarity, the volume of a solution
can change with temperature due to
expansion or contraction, while the
mass of solvent in molality does not
change with temperature. • In equation
form:
• In problems involving molality,
additional formulas are sometimes used
to get the final answer. One very useful
formula is that for density:
What is the molality of a solution
containing 0.75 moles of sodium
hydroxide in 500 milliliters of water at
25oC? The density of water at 25oC is 1.0
gram per milliliter.
2. What is the molality of a solution containing
75.5 grams sucrose in 400.0 grams water?
Solve
1. How many grams of sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
are needed to prepare a 0.700 molal solution
using 700.0 grams water?
Answer 1
ASSIGNMENT
• Problem Set: 1. Calculate the mole fraction of
the solute in the following solutions: a. 100.0
grams C2H6O in 100.0 grams H2O b. 30% HCl
solution by mass
• 2. A solution is prepared by mixing 1.00 gram
of ethanol (C2H6O) with 100.0 gram water to
give a final volume of 101 mL. Calculate the
mole fraction for the solute and solvent, and
the molality of ethanol in the solution.
• 1. Calculate the percentage concentration of a
solution that contains 20 grams of sodium
hydroxide,
NaOH,. in a 500 mL solution.
• 2. Calculate the percentage concentration of ethyl
alcohol in a solution of 10 mL ethyl alcohol in 40 mL
water.#
• 3. In the United States, drinking water cannot
contain more than 5 x 10-8 gram of arsenic per
gram of water, according to law. Express this
concentration of arsenic in ppm.
• 4. Differentiate an acid from a base.

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