Human Evolution

Human Evolution

• Evolutionary process leading

up to the appearance of
modern humans
Beliefs About Human Beings

Biology and Evolution

• Divine Theory
– Book of Genesis
– Emphasizes human uniqueness and concept of
time
– Creation is depicted as a series of actions
occurring over the course of 6 days
– God’s final act of creation is to fashion the FIRST
humans from earth in His own image
 Theories and Scientists
• 4 elements (Earth, Fire, Air and Water); Love and Strife
– Empedocles
• Man rose from fish like creatures
– Anaximander
• Fire
– Heraclitus
• Animals and plants form a single graded continuum going
from (less perfection to more perfection)
– Plato and Aristotle
• Chain of Being; connection from the Supreme Being
– Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius
• Species evolve. Life strove overtime to rise from simple to
complex ones; Environments give rise to changes in animals
– Jean Baptiste Lamarck
• Species evolve; Organisms best adapted to a
particular environment produce the most offspring
overtime; Principle of Variation, Heritability and
Differential Reproductive Success
– Charles Darwin
• studies genetics, DNA;traits are passed through
biological mechanisms or processes(fertilization,
mitosis, meiosis, etc.);Father of Genetics
– Gregor Mendel
• Theory of Catastrophism- series of catastrophes
accounted for the changes in the earth
– Georges Cuvier
• Theory of Uniformitarianism (The earth is constantly being
shaped and reshaped by natural forces); The present is the key
to the past-The geological remains from the past can and
should be explained by present geographical processes
– Charles Lyell
• (Zoonomia)Life evolved from a single common ancestor
forming one living filament; inheritance of acquired
characteristics
– Erasmus Darwin
• Systema Naturae; developed hierarchial classifications from
species, class, order, genus, species(Animal Kingdom (Regnum
Animale, Plant Kingdom (Regnum vegetabile), Mineral
Kingdom (Regnum Lapiduem)
– Carolus Linnaeus
• Island Origin Hypothesis
– Wilhelm Solheim
• Discovered Aus Anamensis and Kenyathropus Platyops
– Maeve/Mary Leakey
• Discovered Aus Afarensis
– Donald Johanson
• Aus Africanus
– Raymund Dart
• Aus Garhi
– Tim White
• Aus Aethiopicus
– Alan Walker
• Homo Habilis and Aus Boisei
– Loiuse Leakey
• Homo Erectus
– Eugene Dubuis
• Mainland Origin Hypothesis
– Peter Bellwood
• Aus Robustus
– Robert Broom
• Co author of Charles Darwin; Theory of Natural
Selection; Natural Selection is Survival of the Fittest;
Species should meet the demands of a change in their
environmentAlfred Russel Wallace
• Core Population Theory
– F. Landa Jocano
• Described the 16th century Phil society; The Barangay
– W. Henry Scott
• Tabon Man
– Robert Fox
• Migration Wave Theory
– Henry Otley Beyer
Insights/Life’s Lessons I Learned
from the Readings on Human
Evolution
Brainwriting
Sharing
THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION
Evolution as a theory suggests that the great variety of
plant and animal life on earth developed gradually
through natural processes.
Although such an idea had been suggested as early as the
sixteenth century, the great English biologist Charles
Darwin (1809-1882) gave the theory prominence.
The most important of Darwin’s works is On the Origin
of Species by means of Natural Selection, first published
in 1859.
Darwin’s examination of geological formations,
collection of fossils, and study of plants and animals
from 1931 to 1936 led him to doubt that divine creation
had brought all species of living things into existence at
one moment. His doubts challenged the traditional
theory of creationism held for centuries in the western
world.
 THE PHYSICAL EVOLUTION OF HUMANS
Evolution traces human development through several stages or species from
the first humanlike beings to modern humans. Although we still do not know
exactly when the evolution of humans and apes diverged or who our common
ancestor is, we do know that hominids (humanlike creatures) began to appear
over four million years ago.
Hominids are distinguished from apes most notably by their bipedalism (their
ability to walk on two feet) and by their larger brain size. All hominids are
members of the human family tree.
• Primates evolved from a small tree
dwelling mammal.

• Dental evidence from fossils suggests

that
• Primates descended from insectivores in
the late Cretaceous (65 mya)
• Oldest known primate- Purgatorius unio
• Limber shoulder joints
• Dexterous hands
• Sensitive fingers
• Many cases, claws replaced by flat nails
• Binocular vision
• Hand-eye coordination
• Parental care
• Mostly single births
• Nurture offspring
Suborder Prosimii (prosimians)
• lemurs and tarsiers

Suborder Anthropoidea (anthropoids)

• new world monkeys
• old world monkeys
• hominoids
Prosimians-earliest and most primitive
forms of primates
• 65 million years ago
• The name “pro-simians” means
“before the monkeys,” and
although today’s species are by
no means primitive or
unchanged, modern prosimians
retain many of the physical
features that were common to
the earliest true primates.
• The typical prosimian skull has
large eye sockets, a relatively
small braincase, an elongated
snout and adaptations for well-
developed senses of hearing
and smell.
 Prosimians
• Almost all prosimians have comb-like projections
on their lower front teeth, used for grooming their
fur. They also share a specialized grooming claw on
the second toe of each hind foot. Their narrow
snouts support a moist and finely sensitive nose,
and their eyes have a tapetum lucidum – a
reflective layer behind the retina that captures stray
light and enhances their vision at night.
• This catlike visual ability, together with their heavy
reliance on scent, parallels the nocturnal lifestyle of
the original primates, and perhaps unfairly paints
the prosimians as primate relics or living fossils
 Lemurs
Suborder Prosimii
Anthropoids (Old and New World
Monkeys)
New & Old World Monkeys
New World monkeys Old World monkeys
• South America • Africa & Asia
• Arboreal • Arboreal and ground
dwelling
• Prehensile tail
• No prehensile tail
• Nostrils open to the
side • Nostrils open downward
• Diurnal • Diurnal
• Live in bands- very • Live in bands- very social
social
 Aegyptophitecus
• “Egyptian Primates”
• First catarrhine primates that evolved 50-33
million years ago
• Most of their fossils have been found in
Northern Egypt (Al Fayyum)
 Primates
• HYLOBATIDAE
– SMALL OR LESSER APES OF Southeast Asia like gibbons
• HOMINIDS
– BIPEDAL species of HOMO and AUSTRALOPITHECUS
• PONGIDAE
– Great apes like orangutan
Edward Tyson (1699) depiction of a chimp
Bonobo Chimpanzee
 Dryopithecus
• This genus lived in
Africa,China,India and
Europe.
• The genetic title
dryopithecus means” oak
wood apes” because it is
believed that the
environmental conditions
were such at that time with
densely forested tropical
lowlands and the members
might have been
predominantly herbivorous.
Dryopithecus

23-14 mya
Ramapithecus
• PITHECUS (ape);14-8 million years
ago;14 kg.
• The first remains of Ramapithecus
were discovered from Shivalik hills
in Punjab and later discovered in
Africa.
• The region where Ramapithecines
lived was not merely forest but
open grassland.
• A hominid status for them is
claimed on two grounds: Fossil
evidence indicating adaptation
including robust jaws, thickened
tooth enamel and shorter canines.
Extrapolation regarding upright
posture and the use of hands for
food and defense.
 Early Australopiths
• Sahelanthropus Tchadensis
• Orrorin Tugenensis
• Ardipithecius Kaddaba
• Ardipithecus Ramidus
Ardithepicus Kadabba
• Australopith
• Bipedal
• Brain size to modern
chimp
• Fossil: Post cranial
bones and sets of teeth
Ardipithecus Ramidus
• Ardi
• Reported in 1994
• 4.4 million years ago
• Last common ancestor of
chimps and humans
• Not chimp, not human
• Grave rise to
australopithecines
• Female
• Tree and land dwelling
omnivores
• Small, chimp-sized brain,
long arms, short legs
 THE AUSTRALOPITHECINES (Au. Anamensis)

Australopithecus Anamensis
In 1995, Maeve Leakey of the National Museums of Kenya discovered some
of the oldest representatives of a widely studied human genus, the
australopithecines. She and her team located pieces of a bipedal hominid, 4.1
million years old, which she named Australopithecus Anamensis. It is an
early species with very pronounced apelike teeth. Some scientists suggest
that this species may have given rise to Australopithecus Afarensis.
Australopithecus Afarensis
• is one of the longest-lived and best-
known early human species—
paleoanthropologists have uncovered
remains from more than 300
individuals!
• Found between 3.85 and 2.95 million
years ago in Eastern Africa (Ethiopia,
Kenya, Tanzania), this species survived
for more than 900,000 years, which is
over four times as long as our own
species has been around.
• It is best known from the sites of Hadar,
Ethiopia (‘Lucy’, AL 288-1 and the 'First
Family', AL 333); Dikika, Ethiopia (Dikika
‘child’ skeleton); and Laetoli (fossils of
this species plus the oldest documented
bipedal footprint trails)
Australopithecis afarensis
 Au. Afarensis
• Au. afarensis had both ape and human characteristics:
members of this species had apelike face proportions
(a flat nose, a strongly projecting lower jaw) and
braincase (with a small brain, usually less than 500
cubic centimeters -- about 1/3 the size of a modern
human brain), and long, strong arms with curved
fingers adapted for climbing trees.
• They also had small canine teeth like all other early
humans, and a body that stood on two legs and
regularly walked upright.
• Their adaptations for living both in the trees and on
the ground helped them survive for almost a million
years as climate and environments changed
Australopithecus Africanus (Taung
Child)
• Taung child: 12 years old ape
• This genus is the immediate
forerunner of the genus
Homo.
• Fossil found in 1924 at Taung
a limestone quarry site in
South Africa by Raymond
Dart. They walked erect,
lived on the ground and
probably used stones as
weapons to hunt small
animals. They weighed 60- to
90 pounds and were about 4
feet tall
Australopithecus africanus
Kenyathropus Platyops
• Flat faced man from
Kenya
• Discovered by Meave
Leakey in lake Turkana,
Northern Kenya in 1999
Australopithecus Garhi
• Garhi (“surprise”)
• Discovered by Berhane
Asfaw and Tim White
• Fossils are associated
with some oldest known
stone tools with animal
bones
• This specie was among
the first to make the
transition of tool making
and to eating meat and
bone marrow from arge
animals
Australopithecus Aethiopicus
• Black skull
• Evolved from Aus
Afarensis
• Discovered in 1985 by
Alan Walker in Turkana,
Kenya
Australopithecus Robustus
• Paranthropus Robustus
• Robustus (strong)
• 1.6 m tall
• 50 kg.
• Age of death 17 years
• Ultimate chewing
machine
• Named as Paranthropus
Robustus (meaning
beside man) by Robert
Broom
Australopithecus robustus
Australopithecus Boisei
• Nut cracker human
• Structure resembling
the gorilla
• Height of a modern
man
• Discovered by M.
Leakey
• Louise Leakey named it
ZINJANTHROPUS BOISEI
meaning East African
Man
 THE STONE AGE

The descendants of the australopithecines lived in the period called the

Stone Age. We call the period this because most of the artifacts found
from this time are mad of stone. Humans who lived in the Stone Age are
generally classified into a group or genus called Homo (“man”).
Most experts divide the Stone Age into three stages:
Paleolithic or Old Stone Age (2 million BCE-10 000 BCE)
Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age (10 000 BCE-8000 BCE)
Neolithic or New Stone Age (8000 BCE-5000 BCE)
Stone Tools
 Homo Habilis
• Habilis (able)
• Handyman
• Stone tools
• Brain is half the size of
the human brain
• Built the first shelters
• Rudimentary speech
• First discovered by
Louise Leakey
Homo habilis
Tool Making
Homo Ergaster
• Turkana Boy
• Skeleton of a boy; Tall
and slender
• Adapted for walking
and running long
distances in a hot
environment but not for
tree climbing
Homo Erectus
• The first evidence of the Homo
species was discovered in Java by
Eugene Dubois in 1891.He named
his find as pithecanthropus
erectus meaning the erect ape
man
• It is said to be the missing link.
Another find was made in China
,south-west of Peking called
Peking man.
• These had larger cranial capacity
then Australopithecus lived in
communal existence and used fire.
• Upright, protruding jaw, no chin,
thick brow, long skull
• Left Africa and spread through out
Asia and Europe
Homo Erectus
Homo Erectus first appeared about 2
million years ago. Their species
name refers to the fact that they could
walk completely upright, like modern
humans. Only a few dozen skulls of
this species have been found, notably
in Africa, Java, and China.
The first specimens were found in
Java in 1891 and 1892. Called Java
Man, they are about 700 000 years
old.
Homo Erectus was the first species to
use fire and the first to migrate into
Europe and Asia from Africa.
 Homo Erectus
• The cranial capacity of Homo erectus which include Java
man and Peking man varied from about 775 to nearly 1300
CC.
• The Acheulean tool tradition is associated with the Homo
Erectus way of life. The stone tools were largely made of
quartz. Bone tools and wooden tools like wooden spears
have also been discovered.
• There is evidence of big game hunting which indicates that
there must have been collective cooperative hunting.
• The Homo Erectus seem to be cave-dwellers.
• An important advancement is that there is evidence of the
use of fire.
Homo erectus
Homo erectus
JAVA MAN PEKING MAN
• Used crude tools which • Had larger cranial capacity
consisted of heavy scrapers • Had fire
of chopping tools with U
• Lived in caves
shaped edges
• Had better tools
• Lived in the open but did
not master the use of fire and weapons
• Had the penchant for eating
other Peking Man practicing
cannibalism
• Ate human brains and marrows
from long bones
Homo Heidelbergensis
Homo Heidelbergensis lived approximately 500 000 years ago. It is often
referred to as Archaic Homo Sapiens because it combines features of Homo
Erectus with more modern features.
The first specimen was found in a Quarry in Germany in 1907. But other
specimens have been found in a variety of places around the world including,
Zambia, Southern Africa, Tanzania, and parts of Northern Europe as far North
as England.
Many researchers consider Homo Heidelbergensis a possible ancestor for both
modern humans (Homo Sapiens) and Neanderthals (Homo Neanderthalensis),
while others are still not comfortable with this label.
 Homo Sapiens (Wise;Thinking)
• The Home erectus gradually
evolved into the Homo Sapiens.
In this transitional event two
sub-species of the Homo
sapiens have been identified.
• One the primitive man who has
been labeled Homo sapien
Neanderthal and two the
modern man who is called
Homo sapiens sapiens.
• Most of the evidences about
the primitive man that have
been unearthed are 75,000
years old. The first fossil that
was found of the Neanderthal
type was a skull cap found in
Germany.
 Homo Sapiens Neanderthal
• The cranial capacity of Neanderthal exceeded that of
the modern man.It ranged from 1200 to 1610 c.c.
• Their culture has come to known as Mousterian
culture. A few small hand axes are also found. For the
first time pointed stone flakes which seem certainly to
be spearheads have also been found.
• There caves were made more comfortable for winter
dwelling by placing a fire work with holes at the
entrance of the cave and by covering it with stretched
hide.
• The Neanderthals were capable of big game hunting,
including elephants, rhino etc.
Neanderthals
Located in Europe, Neanderthals first appeared
about 230 000 years ago and disappeared
approximately 30 000 years ago.
Quarry workers in Dusseldorf first discovered the
remains of these people in the Neander Valley of
German in 1856. More finds have since been
located primarily in Belgium, France, and other
parts of Europe.
They traveled as far as China and the Middle
East. Their total population at any one time
probably numbered fewer than 100 000.
It is still unclear who the Neanderthals were,
scientists wonder whether they were our direct
ancestor or whether they were a separate species.
It is commonly held, however, that the
Neanderthals were driven to extinction by
modern humans.
Homo sapiens neaderthalensis
Neanderthal
Neanderthal Burial?
Homo Sapiens
The species name, Homo Sapiens, means
“man who thinks”-an appropriate title for
the species that formulated the spoken
language and developed more
sophisticated tools. The most ancient find
was discovered in Hungary in 1965, dating
from about 450 000 to 400 000 years ago.
Other remains of Homo Sapiens have been
found in England, Germany, and France.
These bones date from approximately 250
000 years ago, the period between the third
and fourth ice ages.
There are two types of Homo Sapiens; the
Neanderthals, or Homo Neanderthalis, and
Modern Human, or Homo Sapiens
Sapiens.
 THE MODERN HUMAN
About 40 000 years ago, modern humans moved into Europe armed with the
skills to make clothing, better shelters, and more efficient hearths.
Nineteenth-century scientists named these newcomers Cro-Magnon people
after the French rock-shelter where three anatomically modern skeletons
were discovered in 1868.
Cro-Magnons were Homo Sapiens who evolved in Africa and slowly pushed
their way into Europe. They developed the ability to endure colder
climates, even climates as cold as those found in Iceland or Greenland.
Cro-Magnon people were about as tall as modern northwestern Europeans.
They also had many of the same facial and cranial features as modern
northwestern Europeans.
Eventually, their successors moved into Asia. About 30 000 years ago, they
crossed the Bering Strait after the retreat of the ice and entered the
Americas. Others reached Australia.
With this migration, our modern human ancestors spread throughout the
world.
Homo Sapiens Sapiens
• The Very Wise Thinking
Man
• Excellent hunter
• Sophisticated weapons
• Control over
environment
• Spread to North
America and Australia
• Developed art (painting
on caves and Venus
figures
• Cro Magnon
 Homo Sapiens Sapiens
• The first skeletal remains of Homo sapiens sapiens were
found in Europe and were named Cro-Magnon.
• In the Homo sapiens sapiens there is final reduction of the
jaws, the appearance of modern man's chin and of the
rounded skull.
• Mean cranial capacity was about 1350 c.c.
• Modern man is very closely related to Cro-magnon.Their
culture which dates back to 35,000 years is also called
upper Paleolithic culture.
• Hunting and gathering seem to have been the primary
methods of food gathering. The first appearance of art was
during this time. The drawings on cave walls were mainly of
animal figures.
•
Homo sapiens sapiens
Deliberate
Burials
Art
Carved
Venus
Figure
Cave Art
African Origins Model
Tabon Man Callao/Kalaw Cave
α. Katutuklas lamang na Tao ng Yungib Kalaw
(Peñablanca, Cagayan) na may tandang
67,000 na taon.

http://unibersidadngpilipinas.tumblr.com/post/988433679/the-up-
anthropology-society-invites-you-to (06/18/2012)

http://news.discovery.com/history/callao-man-philippines.html
(06/18/2012)
Kalaw Cave
β. Kapwa ang Táong Tabon at Táong Kalaw ay
may kulturang “paleolitiko” (Matandang Bato);
masasabing sa tinagal-tagal ng panahong
“paleolitiko” nagkaugnay sila bilang ninuno ng
kasalukuyang mga Aeta, Agta, Ita; at naging
esensyal na bahagi sila ng ating kasaysayan sa
simula nito at sa pakikipagtunggali at simpleng
pakikisalamuha sa sumunod sa kanilang mga
Austronesyano na nagsimulang lumaganap
mulang Timog Tsina sa pamamagitan ng
Formosa
A2. Ang paglaganap ng mga Austronesyano ang
tinutukoy ng linyang dilaw. Naganap ito mula h.-k.
5,000 BK. Mula Formosa patungong Pilipinas at
mula rito, patungong Pasipiko [Melanesya,
Mikronesya, Polynesya at malamang hanggang
Timog Amerika], Indomalaysia hanggang
Madagaskar, at marahil hanggang Silangang Aprika
(at, ayon kay R. M. Blench, marahil hanggang
Kanlurang Aprika pa nga) [tingnan ang Mapa ni
Blench sa Islayd 21, infra].
 Ang kasalukuyang teritoryo ng mga wikang Austronesyano at ang posibleng
lawak ng iba pang migrasyong Austronesyano [Remapping the Austronesian
Expansion (Blench, R.M. )]
Sources of Biological Variation
 Sources
• Genetic recombination-genes are
combined/recombined to produce
organisms with new gene combinations;
production of offspring with
combinations of traits that differ from
those found in neither parents; passed
on through heredity
• Mutation- change/alteration in DNA
sequence
 Factors in Human Variation
• Influence of Socio-Cultural Environment
• Influence of Physical Environment
• Gene Flow (gene migration)
– Transfer of alleles (one member of a pair/series of
genes)from one population to another
• Genetic Drift
– Evolutionary process of change in gene frequencies of a
population from one generation to the next due to the
phenomena of probability in which purely chance
determine which variants of gene will be carried forward
while others disappear
 Humans are products of the
interaction of the biological and
cultural evolution