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Networking Final

This document discusses computer networking concepts. It defines a network as a communication system connecting end systems like PCs and workstations. There are two types of networks: multi-access networks where devices share resources and point-to-point networks connecting only two systems. Local area networks (LANs) connect nearby devices using technologies like Ethernet, while wide area networks (WANs) connect distant locations using technologies like telephone lines. Metropolitan area networks (MANs) are larger than LANs but smaller than WANs. The document also discusses the layered network model and the roles and issues at each layer from the physical to application layers.

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Tejas Agarwal
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
57 views32 pages

Networking Final

This document discusses computer networking concepts. It defines a network as a communication system connecting end systems like PCs and workstations. There are two types of networks: multi-access networks where devices share resources and point-to-point networks connecting only two systems. Local area networks (LANs) connect nearby devices using technologies like Ethernet, while wide area networks (WANs) connect distant locations using technologies like telephone lines. Metropolitan area networks (MANs) are larger than LANs but smaller than WANs. The document also discusses the layered network model and the roles and issues at each layer from the physical to application layers.

Uploaded by

Tejas Agarwal
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Networking

1
Network

“ ... communication system for connecting


end-systems”

End-systems a.k.a. “hosts”


PCs, workstations
dedicated computers
network components

2
Multi-access vs. Point-to-point
 Multi-access means shared medium.
– many end-systems share the same physical
communication resources (wire, frequency, ...)
– There must be some arbitration mechanism.

 Point-to-point
– only 2 systems involved
– no doubt about where data came from !

3
Multi-access Point-to-point

4
LAN - Local Area Network

 connects computers that are physically


close together ( < 1 mile).
– high speed
– multi-access
 Technologies:
– Ethernet 10 Mbps, 100Mbps
– Token Ring 16 Mbps
– FDDI 100 Mbps

5
WAN - Wide Area Network

 connects computers that are physically


far apart. “long-haul network”.
– typically slower than a LAN.
– typically less reliable than a LAN.
– point-to-point
 Technologies:
– telephone lines
– Satellite communications

6
MAN - Metropolitan Area
Network
 Larger than a LAN and smaller than a
WAN
- example: campus-wide network
- multi-access network
 Technologies:
– coaxial cable
– microwave

7
Internet work
 Connection of 2 or more distinct
(possibly dissimilar) networks.
 Requires some kind of network device
to facilitate the connection.

Net A Net B

8
 Layered model:
7. Application
6. Presentation
5. Session
4. Transport
3. Network
2. Data Link
1. Physical

9
The Physical Layer
 Responsibility:
– transmission of raw bits over a
communication channel.
 Issues:
– mechanical and electrical interfaces
– time per bit
– distances

10
The Data Link Layer -
Data Link Control
 Responsibility:
– provide an error-free communication link
 Issues:
– framing (dividing data into chunks)
» header & trailer bits
– addressing

10110110101 01100010011 10110000001

11
The Data Link Layer -
The MAC sub layer
 Medium Access Control - needed by
multi-access networks.

 MAC provides DLC with “virtual wires”


on multi-access networks.

12
The Network Layer
 Responsibilities:
– path selection between end-systems (routing).
– subnet flow control.
– fragmentation & reassembly
– translation between different network types.
 Issues:
– packet headers
– virtual circuits

13
The Transport Layer
 Responsibilities:
– provides virtual end-to-end links between
peer processes.
– end-to-end flow control
 Issues:
– headers
– error detection
– reliable communication

14
The Session Layer

 Responsibilities:
– establishes, manages, and terminates
sessions between applications.
– service location lookup

 Many protocol suites do not include a


session layer.

15
The Presentation Layer

 Responsibilities:
– data encryption
– data compression
– data conversion
 Many protocol suites do not include a
Presentation Layer.

16
The Application Layer

 Responsibilities:
– anything not provided by any of the other
layers
 Issues:
– application level protocols
– appropriate selection of “type of service”

17
Layering & Headers
 Each layer needs to add some control
information to the data in order to do it’s job.
 This information is typically prepended to the
data before being given to the lower layer.
 Once the lower layers deliver the the data
and control information - the peer layer uses
the control information.

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Headers

Process DATA Process

Transport H DATA Transport

Network H H DATA Network

Data Link H H H DATA Data Link

19
What are the headers?

Physical: no header - just a bunch of bits.

Data Link:
– address of the receiving endpoints
– address of the sending endpoint
– length of the data
– checksum.

20
Network layer header -
examples
 protocol suite  protocol
version  header checksum
 type of service  source network
 length of the data address
 packet identifier  destination network
 fragment number address
 time to live

21
Important Summary
 Data-Link: communication between
machines on the same network.
 Network: communication between
machines on possibly different
networks.
 Transport: communication between
processes (running on machines on
possibly different networks).

22
Connecting Networks

 Repeater: physical layer


 Bridge: data link layer
 Router: network layer
 Gateway: network layer and above.

23
Repeater

 Copies bits from one network to another


 Does not look at any bits
 Allows the extension of a network
beyond physical length limitations

REPEATER

24
Bridge
 Copies frames from one network to another
 Can operate selectively - does not copy all frames
(must look at data-link headers).
 Extends the network beyond physical length
limitations.

BRIDGE

25
Router
 Copies packets from one network to another.
 Makes decisions about what route a packet
should take (looks at network headers).

ROUTER
ROUTER

26
Gateway
 Operates as a router
 Data conversions above the network
layer.
 Conversions:
encapsulation - use an intermediate network
translation - connect different application
protocols
encryption - could be done by a gateway

27
Encapsulation Example

Gateway Gateway

 Provides service connectivity even


though intermediate network does
not support protocols.

28
Translation

Gateway

 Translate from green protocol to brown


protocol

29
Encryption gateway
Secure Secure
Network Encryption/Decryption Network
Gateways

GW ? GW
?
?

Insecure Network

30
Hardware vs. Software
 Repeaters are typically hardware devices.
 Bridges can be implemented in hardware or
software.
 Routers & Gateways are typically implemented
in software so that they can be extended to
handle new protocols.
 Many workstations can operate as routers or
gateways.

31
Made by:

TEJASVI AGARWAL
08/BBS/7143
BBS Semester 1
Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College,
University of Delhi

Submitted to:

Dr.Monika Bansal

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