Subject: Material Science &

Metallurgy
Semester V
Paper Code ETME 305
L4
T0
C4
 NEED TO STUDY MATERIALS
Materials used in building bridges that can
hold up automobiles, pedestrians…
materials for
skyscrapers
in the Windy
City… materials for space
exploration
 INTRODUCTION
Q1.What is material science?
Materials science or materials engineering is
an interdisciplinary field involving the
properties of matter and its applications to
various areas of science and engineering.
This scientific field investigates the
relationship between the structure of
materials at atomic or molecular scales and
their macroscopic properties.
Materials science also deals with
fundamental properties and characteristics of
materials.
 Scope of Material Science

The field encompasses the

complete knowledge spectrum
for materials ranging from the
basic end (materials science) to
the applied end (materials
engineering).
 Historical Perspective
• Materials are so important in the development of
civilization that we associate Ages with them.
• In the origin of human life on Earth, the Stone Age,
people used only natural materials, like stone, clay,
skins, and wood.
• When people found copper and how to make it
harder by alloying, the Bronze Age started about
3000 BC.
• The use of iron and steel, a stronger material that
gave advantage in wars started at about 1200 BC.
• The next big step was the discovery of a cheap
process to make steel around 1850, which enabled
the railroads and the building of the modern
infrastructure of the industrial world.
 Why Study Materials Science ?
• To be able to select a material for a given use based
on considerations of cost and performance.
• To understand the limits of materials and the
change of their properties with use.
• To be able to create a new material that will have
some desirable properties.
• All engineering disciplines need to know about
materials. Even the most "immaterial", like
software or system engineering depend on the
development of new materials, which in turn alter
the economics, like software-hardware trade-offs.
 Classification of Engineering Materials
Materials

Metals Ceramics Polymers

Oxides, (Plastics)
Nitrides,
Carbides,
Glasses, Thermoplastic Thermoset Rubber
Ferrous Nonferrous Acrylics, (Elastomer)
Graphite, Epoxies,
Aluminum,
Cast iron,
Diamond, PE, Phenolics, Poly-
Steel, Titanium, PVC, urethanes
Copper, etc.
Stainless steel, etc.
etc.

Composites-reinforced plastics, metal or ceramic matrix, laminates, others.

Semiconductors-Silicon, Germanium, Gallium phosphor, other.
Biomaterials-biocompatible materials, Co-Cr-Mo, Co-Ni-Mo metal alloys (for hip)
 METALS
• Metals account for about two thirds of all the
elements and about 24% of the mass of the
planet.
• Metals have useful properties including
strength, ductility, high melting points,
thermal and electrical conductivity, and
toughness.
• The key feature that distinguishes metals from
non-metals is their bonding.
• Metallic materials have free electrons that are
free to move easily from one atom to the next.
• The existence of these free electrons has a
number of profound consequences for the
properties of metallic materials.
• For example, metallic materials tend to be good
electrical conductors because the free electrons
can move around within the metal so freely.
 Ceramics
• A ceramic has traditionally been defined as “an
inorganic, nonmetallic solid that is prepared from
powdered materials, is fabricated into products
through the application of heat, and displays such
characteristic properties as hardness, strength, low
electrical conductivity, and brittleness.“
• The word ceramic comes from the Greek word
"keramikos", which means "pottery.“
• They are typically crystalline in nature and are
compounds formed between metallic and
nonmetallic elements such as aluminum and oxygen
(alumina-Al2O3), calcium and oxygen (calcia - CaO),
and silicon and nitrogen (silicon nitride-Si3N4).
Depending on their method of formation, ceramics can be dense
or lightweight.

Typically, they will demonstrate excellent strength and hardness

properties; however, they are often brittle in nature.

Ceramics can also be formed to serve as electrically conductive

materials or insulators.

Some ceramics, like superconductors, also display magnetic

properties.

They are also more resistant to high temperatures and harsh

environments than metals and polymers.

Due to ceramic materials wide range of properties, they are

used for a multitude of applications.
 Classification of Ceramics
Glasses Clay Refractories Abrasives Cements Advanced
products ceramics
-optical - - (brick and -sandpaper Structural (cutting tools,
- containers/ -whiteware monolithic -cutting - (for and- engine components)
household (dinnerwar -polishing roads, -
products Electrical (capacitors,
e, floor and bridges, -
used in insulators, integrated
wall tile, buildings,
metal, glass, circuit packages,
electrical dams, and
porcelain, cements, piezoelectrics, magnets
etc.)
etc.) ) ceramics, and superconductors)
energy -composites : Coatings (engine

bricks conversion, structural components, cutting

petroleum, tools)
and Chemical and
chemicals environmental (filters,
industries) membranes, catalysts,
and catalyst supports)
The atoms in ceramic materials are held together by a
chemical bond which will be discussed a bit later.

Briefly though, the two most common chemical

bonds for ceramic materials are covalent and ionic.

Covalent and ionic bonds are much stronger than in

metallic bonds and, generally speaking, this is why
ceramics are brittle and metals are ductile.
 Polymers

• A polymeric solid can be thought of as a material that contains

many chemically bonded parts or units which themselves are
bonded together to form a solid. The word polymer literally
means "many parts."
• Two industrially important polymeric materials are plastics
and elastomers.

MER unit
If, for example, ethylene is subjected to appropriate T an P conditions in the existence
of a catalyzor, it will transform to polyethylene (PE).

İnitiator Active mer

(catalyst) ethylene MER
Polymers have many properties that make them
attractive to use in certain conditions.
Many polymers:

-are less dense than metals or ceramics,

-resist atmospheric and other forms of corrosion,

offer good compatibility with human tissue,

or

-exhibit excellent resistance to the conduction of

electrical current.
The polymer plastics can be divided into two
classes,
-thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics,
depending on how they are structurally and
chemically bonded.

The term ‘thermoplastic’ indicates that these

materials melt on heating and may be
processed by a variety of molding and
extrusion techniques.

Alternately, ‘thermosetting’ polymers can not

be melted or remelted.
Rubber is a natural occurring polymer.

However, most polymers are created by

engineering the combination of hydrogen and
carbon atoms and the arrangement of the
chains they form.

The polymer molecule is a long chain of

covalent-bonded atoms and secondary bonds
then hold groups of polymer chains together to
form the polymeric material.
 Composites
A composite is commonly defined as a combination of two or
more distinct materials, each of which retains its own distinctive
properties, to create a new material with properties that cannot
be achieved by any of the components acting alone.
For example, Fiberglass sheet is a composite since it is made of
glass fibers imbedded in a polymer.

Composite materials are said to have two phases. The

reinforcing phase is the fibers, sheets, or particles that are
embedded in the matrix phase.

The reinforcing material and the matrix material can be metal,

ceramic, or polymer.

Typically, reinforcing materials are strong with low densities

while the matrix is usually a ductile, or tough, material.
Some of the common classifications of
composites are:

•Reinforced plastics

•Metal-matrix composites

•Ceramic-matrix composites

•Sandwich structures

•Concrete
If the composite is designed and
fabricated correctly, it combines the
strength of the reinforcement with
the toughness of the matrix to
achieve a combination of desirable
properties not available in any single
conventional material.
-
 Questions…
1. What is Material Science and Metallurgy?
2. Differentiate between material science and
material engineering?
3. Classify the engineering materials.
4. What are metals and composites? Give 2
properties of each.
5. Differentiate between thermosetting and
thermoplastic polymer.