Engr. Dr.

Ahmed Sohaib
Department of Computer Engineering
KFUEIT

Advanced Digital Image Processing

Fall 2018
Digital Image
• Digital Image is defined as a two dimensional function f(x,y).
• (x,y) are spatial coordinate. Amplitude of f is intensity level.
• For Digital image coordinates and amplitude are discrete values.
Pixels
• Picture basic elements are called pixels.
• Our images common use images are based on three color channels,
red, green, and blue called color primaries.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel
Channels of Image

http://www.laserfocusworld.com/articles/print/volume-50/issue-11/world-news/multispectral-imaging-
transverse-field-detector-sensor-has-36-color-channels.html
Electromagnetic Spectrum

https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/module-3-waves-and-the-electromagnetic-spectrum/deck/8054719
Image Acquisition
Image Enhancement
• Some acquisition issues can be improved by image enhancement.
• Factors for image degrade is noise, poor illumination, improper
exposure, or quantization .

• Techniques Involved Contrast and edge enhancement, noise filtering,

sharpening pseudo coloring.
• It is often a pre-processing step before further steps.
• Often performed in Spatial or frequency domain.
http://nameda.deviantart.com/art/Enhancement-Example-
353611817
Image Enhancement
 Image Compression
• Compression is a technique to reduce the amount of memory needed
to store an image and amount of time to transmit it.
• Idea is to exploit redundancy.
• JPEG, MPEG

https://www.library.cornell.edu/preservation/tutorial/intro/intro-07.html
Applications (Medical Imaging)
• Medicine CT-scan, X-rays, Ultrasound scanning, Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (MRI).
• Techniques used are (Filtering, segmentation,and pattern recognition)
to identify abnormalities in human body (tumors, cataract etc).
CT scan Image X-ray Image Ultrasound Image

http://www.radiologyin http://www.newhealthadvisor.com/ho
https://radiopaedia.org fo.org/en/info.cfm?pg= w-to-read-an-ultrasound.html
/cases/normal-ct-brain
Applications (Remote Sensing)
• For Natural Resource mapping like forest, ground water, minerals;
estimation of agriculture, hydrology, urban planning, environment
and pollution control, pollution pattern study, natural disaster
prediction, damage assessment, monitoring traffic , weather
forecasting, cloud pattern analysis, climate change detection. Spectral
cameras are used for it.

http://www.gns.cri.nz/Home/
Our-Science/Earth-
Science/Regional-
Geology/Remote-Sensing
Applications (Security)
• CCTV cameras, face recognition, vehicle tracking, left baggage
detection, weapons detection, intruder alarms.

https://www.cse.unr.edu/~zehang/research/Surveillance/overview.html
Applications (Consumer Domain)
• HDTV , Multimedia, Video Editing, Storage, tagging, video
conferencing, interactive education.

https://pixlr.com/
Applications (Military)
• Missile guidance, detection, automatic target identification,
navigation of UAVs, Night Vision system.

http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/shahpar-unmanned-aerial-vehicle-uav/shahpar-
unmanned-aerial-vehicle-uav1.html
 image – digital image
An image is a two-dimensional function f(x,y), where x and y are the
spatial (plane) coordinates, and the amplitude of f at any pair of
coordinates (x,y) is called the intensity of the image at that level.

If x,y and the amplitude values of f are finite and discrete

quantities, we call the image a digital image. A digital image is
composed of a finite number of elements called pixels, each of
which has a particular location and value.
 First Digital Photograph

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

 Pixel intensity value
Consider the following
image (2724x2336 pixels)
f(1,1) = 103 to be 2D function or a
matrix with rows and
Pixel location columns

In 8-bit representation
Pixel intensity values
rows columns change between 0 (Black)
and 255 (White)
f(645:650,1323:1328) =
83 82 82 82 82 82
82 82 82 81 81 81
82 82 81 81 80 80
82 82 81 80 80 79
80 79 78 77 77 77
80 79 78 78 77 77

f(2724,2336) = 88
Remember digitization implies that a digital image is an
approximation of a real scene

One pixel
Digital Image Processing
 Sources of Digital Images
The principal source for the images is the electromagnetic (EM) energy
spectrum.
 Gamma rays

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

 Gamma rays

Gamma-Ray imaging of
A starburst galaxy about
12 million light-years
away
Gamma-Ray
Imaging
Cherenkov
Telescope

Gamma-Ray Imaging
İn nuclear medicine
© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods
 X- rays

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

 X- rays

X-ray images from the space

The Chandra X-Ray Observatory

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

 Ultra-violet

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

 Ultra-violet

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Visible light
Visible light
R

G B
 Infrared

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

 Infrared

infrared ("thermal") image Snake around the arm

Messier 51 in ultraviolet (GALEX), visible (DSS), and near

infrared (2MASS). Courtesy of James Fanson.

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

 Microwaves

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

 Microwaves

Synthetic Aperture Radar

System

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

 Radio Waves

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

 Radio Waves

MRI image slices from the brain

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

 Digital Images based on the EM Spectrum
An example showing Imaging in all of the bands

Visible light

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

 Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasonic spectrum

Ultrasonic Baby image Ultrasound image

during pragnancy acquisition device

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

The continuum from image processing to computer vision can be broken
up into low-, mid- and high-level processes

Low Level Process Mid Level Process High Level Process

Input: Image Input: Image Input: Attributes
Output: Image Output: Attributes Output: Understanding

Examples: Noise Examples: Object Examples: Scene

removal, image recognition, understanding, autonomous
sharpening segmentation navigation
 Acquisition of Images
The images are generated by the combination of an illumination source and
the reflection or absorption of energy from that source by the elements of
the scene being imaged.

Imaging sensors are used to transform the illumination energy into digital
images.

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

 Types of Image Sensors
Single Sensor

Line Sensor

Array Sensor

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

Summary
 We have looked at:
 What is a digital image?
 What is digital image processing?
 State of the art examples of digital image processing
 Image acquisition

 Next time we will start to see the key

stages in digital image processing and
talk about interpolation
References
• Some content of these slides are taken from Assoc. Prof.
Dr. Gholamreza Anbarjafari (Shahab) University of Tartu
• Database Images from Sycllarus, National ICT Australia