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Video (Motion) : Broadcast TV

The document discusses various digital video formats used for different applications. It describes standards like CCIR 601 that specify sampling rates and resolutions for component video signals. Common formats include 4:2:2 used for TV studios, 4:2:0 for digital broadcasts, and derivatives like SIF, CIF, and QCIF that have lower resolutions for storage and conferencing. These formats allow digital representation of analog video through chrominance subsampling and adjustment of spatial and temporal resolution.

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67 views11 pages

Video (Motion) : Broadcast TV

The document discusses various digital video formats used for different applications. It describes standards like CCIR 601 that specify sampling rates and resolutions for component video signals. Common formats include 4:2:2 used for TV studios, 4:2:0 for digital broadcasts, and derivatives like SIF, CIF, and QCIF that have lower resolutions for storage and conferencing. These formats allow digital representation of analog video through chrominance subsampling and adjustment of spatial and temporal resolution.

Uploaded by

bala dhanalakshmi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Video (Motion): Broadcast TV

Video Applications
 Entertainment: Broadcast TV, VCR/DVD Recordings
 Interpersonal: Video Telephony & Videoconferencing
 Interactive: Video Clips on PC Windows

 Scanning Sequences: Interlaced Scanning


 To minimize the amount of tx bandwidth, a frame is divided into two
halves called fields
e.g) 525-line 50-time frame refresh rate/sec.
- 262.5 odd lines 50-time field rate/sec.
- 262.5 even lines 50-time field rate/sec.
 In reality,
525-line 25-time frame refresh rate/sec.
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Broadcast TV(2)
Color Signals
 Three properties of a color
-Brightness- Amount of energy that stimulates the eye
- Hue (Tint) – represents the actual color of the source, each color has a
different frequency /wavelength and the eye determines the color from this.
- Saturation – the strength of the color, a pastel color has a lower level of
saturation than a color such as red
 Color production: On television screen by varying the magnitude of the three
electrical signals that energize the red, green and blue.
 equation of R, G, and B phosphors is given below which produces white
color on the display screen.
 0.299 R + 0.587 G + 0.114 B where, 0.299+0.587+0.114=1
 Luminance refers to the brightness of a source,
the hue & the saturation called, chrominance characteristics- to represent
coloration
-say, luminance Ys = 0.299 Rs + 0.587 Gs + 0.114 Bs
Ys: magnitude of luminance signal
Rs, Gs, Bs: magnitudes of three major colors
 Two color difference signals: Blue chrominance Cb and Red chrominance Cr
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Cb = Bs-Ys, Cr = Rs -Ys
Broadcast TV
 Chrominance Components
 Composite Video Signal for Transmission
- Ys, Cb, and Cr signals are combined together and signal differences
are scaled down before transmission
 In PAL
- Y = 0.299 R + 0.587 G + 0.114 B
- U(Cb) = 0.493(B-Y) = -0.147R-0.289G+0.437B
- V(Cr ) = 0.877(R-Y) = 0.615R-0.515G-0.1B
 In NTSC
- Y = 0.299 R + 0.587 G + 0.114 B
- I(Cb) = 0.74(R-Y)-0.27(B-Y) = 0.599R-0.276G-0.324B
- Q(Cr ) = 0.48(R-Y)+0.41(B-Y) = 0.212R-0.528+0.311B

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Digital Video

 Advantages of Digital video


 Easy to store in computer
 Easy to edit and integrate with other types
 Easy to digitize three RGB component signals
 The resolution of eyes are less sensitive for color than it is for
luminance. Hence, two chrominance signals can tolerate a
reduced resolution.
 Transmission bandwidth is achieved by using the luminance and
two color difference signals, instead of the RGB signals directly.
 CCIR(consultative committee of International Telecommunication) -
601 Recommendations: standard for the digitization of video pictures

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Digital Video
 4:2:2 format(CCIR-601) Y
Cb
 Recommendation for use in TV studio
Cr
 Three component (analog) video signals may have bandwidths
 up to 6Mhz for the luminance ⇒ 12Mhz sps
 less than 3Mhz for the two chrominance signals ⇒ 6 Mhz sps
 In reality, 13.5MHz sps for luminance, 6.75 MHz sps for the two
chrominance signals
 In NTSC(525-line) system, total line sweep time 63.56μsec =
retrace time 11.56 μsec + an active line sweep time 52 μsec
 In PAL(625-line) system, total line sweep time 64μsec =
retrace time 12 μsec + an active line sweep time 52 μsec

Orthogonal sampling
Line sampling rate: Line sampling rate:
5210-613.5106 = 702 samples/line 5210-66.75106 = 351 samples/line
In reality, 720 samples/line In reality, 360 samples/line

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4Y samples for every 2Cb and 2Cr samples(4:2:2)
Digital Video
 4:2:2 Format Bit Rate & Storage (NTSC 525-line)
 The number of active (visible) lines: 480
 The number of samples per line: 720
 Resolution of luminance Y = 720480
Two chrominance signals Cb = Cr = 360480
 Line sampling rate: 13.5sps for Y & 6.75sps for both Cb & Cr
 Bits per sample: 8 bits
 Bit rate per line = 13.51068 + 2(6.751068) = 216Mbps
 Bits per line = 7208 + 2(3608) = 11.52Kbits
 Bits per frame = 48011.52 = 5.5296Mbits
 Bits for 1.5 hrs Video assuming 60 refresh rate = 5.5296601.53600
= 223.9488GBytes

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Digital Video

 4:2:0 Format
 used in Digital Broadcast Applications
 interlaced scanning with the absence of chrominance samples in
alternative lines
 525-line system
 Y = 720480(the same as 4:2:2 format), Cb = Cr = 360240
 625-line system
 Y = 720576, Cb = Cr = 360288
 bit rate per line: 13.51068 + 2(3.3751068) = 162Mbps
 HDTV Format
 used in High-Definition Television (four times bit rate)
 4/3 14401152 pixels(50/60 Hz refresh rate) & 16/9 wide-screen
19201152 pixels(25/30 Hz) with # of visible lines per frame 1080
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Digital Video
 SIF (Source Intermediate Format), 4:1:1 Format
 used in Video Cassette Recorders (VCRs)
 progressive (non-interlaced) scanning since it is intended for storage
applications
 Half the spatial resolution in both horizontal and vertical directions sued in
4:2:0 format: “Subsampling” & uses half the refresh rate is “Temporal
Resolution”
 525-line system
 Y = 360240, Cb = Cr = 180120
 625-line system
 Y = 360288, Cb = Cr = 180144
 bit rate per line
 6.751068 + 2(1.68751068) = 81Mbps 8
Digital Video

 CIF (Common Intermediate Format), 4:1:1 format


 used in Video Conferencing applications
 spatial resolution of the SIF 625-line system plus
temporal resolution of the SIF 525-line system
 Y = 360288, Cb = Cr = 180144
 refresh rate: 30 Hz
 bit rate per line: 6.751068 + 2(1.68751068) = 81Mbps
 many variants for videoconferencing using desktop PCs or
ISDN/PSTN
 say, typically 4 or 16 64Kbps channels used
 4CIF: Y = 720576, Cb = Cr = 360288
 16CIF: Y = 14401152, Cb = Cr = 720576
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Digital Video

 QCIF (Quarter CIF), 4:1:1 Format


 used in Video Telephony applications
 half spatial resolution of the CIF and either half or quarter temporal
resolution of the CIF
 Y = 180144, Cb = Cr = 9072
 refresh rate: 15 or 7.5 Hz
 bit rate per line:
3.3751068 + 2(0.843751068) = 81Mbps
 a lower version is typically used for single 64Kbps channel
ISDN or PSTN with modems: sub-QCIF(SQCIF)
 Y = 12896, Cb = Cr = 6448

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Digital Video(8)
 PC Video Digitization

Digitization System Spatial Resolution Temporal


Format Resolution

525-line Y = 640480, Cb = Cr = 320240 60Hz


4:2:2
625-line Y = 768576, Cb = Cr = 384288 50Hz

525-line Y = 320240, Cb = Cr = 160240 30Hz


SIF
625-line Y = 384288, Cb = Cr = 192144 25Hz

CIF Y = 384288, Cb = Cr = 192144 30Hz


QCIF Y = 192144, Cb = Cr = 9672 15/7.5Hz
- Video capture board or S/W required
- All PC monitors use “progressive (non-interlaced) scanning”
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