APA Style for

Research Papers and Thèsis

Mr. Ramis Salam P

Asst. Professor In Journalism
Dept. Of JMC
University of Calicut
[email protected],
09961959513
 Academic Fairness

"Plagiarism means using another's work

without giving credit. You must put
others' words in quotation marks and
cite your source(s). Citation must also
be given when using others' ideas,
even when those ideas are
paraphrased into your own words."
 APA
• 6th edition of the Publication Manual of
the American Psychological Association.
• APA requires that information be cited in
2 different ways
• 1 . Within the text and 2. In a reference
list at the end of the paper.
• The reference list should be on a new page,
double spaced, and use the hanging indent
method (all lines after the first one are
indented).
 Author – Date Method

• APA uses the author-date method of citation.

The last name of the author and the date of
publication are inserted in the text in the
appropriate place.
• When referencing or summarizing a source,
provide the author and year. When quoting or
summarizing a particular passage, include the
specific page or paragraph number, as well.
 Important - Quotes

• When quoting in your paper, if a direct quote

is less than 40 words, incorporate it into your
text and use quotation marks.
• If a direct quote is more than 40 words, make
the quotation a free-standing indented block
of text and DO NOT use quotation marks.
 One work by one author
Intext Reference
• In one developmental study
(Smith, 1990), children learned...
OR
• In the study by Smith (1990),
primary school children...
OR
• In 1990, Smith’s study of primary
school children…
Works by multiple authors
Intext Reference
• When a work has 2 authors cite
both names every time you
reference the work in the text.
• When a work has three to five
authors cite all the author names
the first time the reference occurs
and then subsequently include
only the first author followed by
et al.
Works by multiple authors
Intext Reference
For example: First citation:
Krishnamurthy, Agarwal, and
Reuben (1989) state that…
Subsequent citations: Krishnamurthy
et al. (1989) state that…
For 6 or more authors, cite only the
name of the first author followed
by et al. and the year.
 Works by anonymous
Intext Reference
Works by no identified author
When a resource has no named
author, cite the first few words of
the reference entry (usually the
title). Use double quotation marks
around the title of an article,
chapter, or Web page. Italicize the
title of a periodical, book,
brochure, or report.
Works by multiple authors
Intext Reference
For example
The site seemed to indicate support
for homeopathic drugs (“Medical
Miracles,” 2009).
The brochure argues for omeschooling
(Education Reform, 2007).
Treat reference to legal materials such as
court cases, statutes, and legislation like
works with no author.
Two or more works in the
same parenthetical citation
Intext Reference
• Citations of two or more works in
the same parentheses should be
listed in the order they appear in
the reference list (i.e.,
alphabetically , then
chronologically).
• Several studies (Jones & Powell,
1993; Peterson, 1995, 1998; Smith,
1990) suggest that...
 The Digital Object Identifier
(DOI®) System
• DOI - a unique alphanumeric string assigned
to identify content and provide a persistent
link to its location on the internet. The DOI is
typically located on the first page of the
electronic journal article near the copyright
notice.
• When a DOI is used in your citation, no other
retrieval information is needed. Use this
format for the DOI in references: doi:xxxxxxx
 (DOI®) System
• If no DOI has been assigned to the content,
provide the home page URL of the journal or
of the book or report publisher.
• Do not insert a hyphen if you need to break a
URL across lines; do not add a period after a
URL, to prevent the impression that the period
is part of the URL.
• In general, it is not necessary to include
database information. Do not include retrieval
dates unless the source material has changed
over time.
 BOOKS – Reference List

General Form
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. Location: Publisher.
 BOOKS – Reference List

One author:
• Gardner, H. (1993). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple
intelligences. New York: Basic Books.
Two to seven authors:
• Cargill, O., Charvat, W., & Walsh, D. D. (1966). The
publication of academic writing. New York: Modern
Language Association.
More than seven authors
• Cooper, L., Eagle, K., Howe, L., Robertson, A., Taylor, D.,
Reims, H., . . . Smith, W. A. (1982). How to stay younger
while growing older: Aging for all ages. London: Macmillan.
 BOOKS – Reference List

No author given:
• Experimental psychology. (1938). New York: Holt.
No publication date given:
• Smith, J. (n.d.). Morality in masquerade. London: Churchill.
An organization or institution as “author”:
• University of Minnesota. (1985). Social psychology.
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
• U.S. Census Bureau. (2000). Statistical abstract of the United
States. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
 BOOKS – Reference List

A translation
• Freud, S. (1970). An outline of psychoanalysis (J. Strachey,
Trans.). New York: Norton. (Original work published 1940)
A work in a series
• Cousins, M. (1984). Michel Foucault. Theoretical traditions
in the social sciences. New York: St. Martin's Press.
A work in several volumes
• Wilson, J. G., & Fraser, F. C. (Eds.). (1977-1978). Handbook
of teratology (Vols. 1-4). New York: Plenum Press.
 BOOKS – Reference List

An editor as “author”
• Updike, J. (Ed.). (1999). The best American short stories of
the century. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
An edition of an author’s work
• Brockett, O. (1987). History of the theatre (5th ed.). Boston:
Allyn and Bacon.
Conference proceedings
• Schnase, J. L., & Cunnius, E. L. (Eds.). (1995). Proceedings of
CSCL '95: The First International
• Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative
Learning. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
 BOOKS – Reference List

Chapter in an edited book:

• Rubenstein, J.P. (1967). The effect of television
violence on small children. In B. F. Kane (Ed.),
Television and juvenile psychological development (pp.
112-134). New York: American Psychological Society.
 BOOKS ONLINE – Reference List

An entire electronic book retrieved from a database:

• Murray, T. H. (1996). The worth of a child. Berkeley:
University of California Press. Retrieved from netLibrary
database.
An entire electronic book with direct link to item:
• Bryant, P. (1999). Biodiversity and Conservation.
Retrieved from
http://darwin.bio.uci.edu/~sustain/bio65/Titlpage.htm
 BOOKS ONLINE – Reference List
An article or chapter in an electronic book
• Symonds, PM. (1958). Human drives. In C. L. Stacey & M.
DeMartino (Eds.), Understanding human motivation (pp.
11-22). Retrieved from PsycBOOKS database.
Entire electronic technical or research report - available
on the web
• Russo, A. C., & Jiang, H. J. (2006). Hospital stays among
patients with diabetes, 2004 (Statistical Brief #17).
Retrieved from Agency for Healthcare Research &
Quality: http://www.hcup-
us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb17.jsp
 BOOKS ONLINE – Reference List

Paper from the proceedings of a conference

• Miller, S. (2000). Introduction to manufacturing
simulation. In Proceedings of the 2000 Winter Simulation
Conference, (pp. 63-66). Retrieved from
http://www.informs-sim.org/wsc00papers/011.PDF
 JOURNAL - Reference List

General Form
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of
article. Title of Journal, xx, xxx-xxx.

NOTE: The journal title and the volume number are in

italics. Issue numbers are not required if the journal is
continuously paged. If paged individually, the issue
number is required and is in regular type in parentheses
adjacent to the volume number.
 JOURNAL - Reference List
Journal Article with DOI
• Paivio, A. (1975). Perceptual comparisons through the
mind's eye. Memory & Cognition, 3, 635-647.
doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225
Journal Article without DOI (when DOI is not available)
• Becker, L. J., & Seligman, C. (1981). Welcome to the
energy crisis. Journal of Social Issues, 37(2), 1-7.
• Hamfi, A. G. (1981). The funny nature of dogs. E-journal
of Applied Psychology, 2(2), 38-48. Retrieved from
http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/fdo
 JOURNAL - Reference List
Journal / periodical (continuous pagination):
• Brabant, S., & Mooney, L. A. (1997). Sex role stereotyping in the
Sunday comics: A twenty year update. Sex Roles, 37, 269-281.
Journal / periodical (non-continuous pagination):
• Sawyer, J. (1966). Measurement and prediction, clinical and
statistical. Psychological Bulletin, 66 (3), 178-200.
Journal article with three to seven authors:
• Tolin, D. F., Abramowitz, J. S., Brigidi, B. D., Amir, N., Street, G. P.,
& Foa, E. B. (2001). Memory and memory confidence in
obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research & Therapy,
39,913-927.
 JOURNAL - Reference List
Journal article more than authors:
• Mariani-Costantini, R., Ottini, L., Caramiello, S., Palmirotta, R., Mallegni, F.,
Rossi, L., . . .Jones, R. B. (2001). Taphonomy of the fossil hominid bones from
the Acheulean site of Castel di Guido near Rome, Italy. Journal of Human
Evolution, 41, 211-225.
Newspaper:
• Monson, M. (1993, September 16). Urbana firm obstacle to office
project. The Champaign-Urbana News-Gazette, pp. 1, 8.
Magazine:
• Raloff, J. (2001, May 12). Lead therapy won't help most kids.
Science News, 159, 292.
Review: Gleick, E. (2000, December 14). The burdens of genius
[Review of the book The last samurai by H. DeWitt]. Time, 156,
171.
 JOURNAL - Reference List

Journal article more than authors:

• Mariani-Costantini, R., Ottini, L., Caramiello, S., Palmirotta, R., Mallegni,
F., Rossi, L., . . .Jones, R. B. (2001). Taphonomy of the fossil hominid
bones from the Acheulean site of Castel di Guido near Rome, Italy.
Journal of Human Evolution, 41, 211-225.
Newspaper:
• Monson, M. (1993, September 16). Urbana firm obstacle to office
project. The Champaign-Urbana News-Gazette, pp. 1, 8.
Magazine:
• Raloff, J. (2001, May 12). Lead therapy won't help most kids. Science
News, 159, 292.
Review: Gleick, E. (2000, December 14). The burdens of genius [Review of
the book The last samurai by H. DeWitt]. Time, 156, 171.
 JOURNAL - Reference List

Article in a reference book or encyclopedia - signed and unsigned :

Sturgeon, T. (1995). Science fiction. In The encyclopedia Americana
(Vol. 24, pp. 390-392). Danbury, CT: Grolier. Islam. (1992). In The
new encyclopaedia Britannica (Vol. 22, pp. 1-43). Chicago:
Encyclopaedia Britannica.
A work in a collection or anthology:
Jesrani, P. J. (1998). Working turn tables. In N. Bhatia, S. Dhand, & V.
Rupaleria (Eds.), Throwing a great party (pp. 19-48). Chicago: NT
Publishers. Shapcott, T. (1980). Margaret Atwood's Surfacing. In
K. L. Goodwin (Ed.), Commonwealth literature in the curriculum
(pp. 86). South Pacific Association of Common-wealth Literatures
and Language Studies.
 JOURNAL - Reference List

Paper published as part of the proceedings of a conference:

Nicol, D. M., & Liu X. (1997). The dark side of risk (what your
mother never told you about time warp). In Proceedings of the
11th Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Simulation,
Lockenhaus, Austria, 10–13 June 1997 (pp. 188–195). Los
Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society.
 JOURNAL ONLINE - Reference List

General Format - Databases

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article.
Name of Journal, xx, xxx-xxx. doi:xxxxxxxxxx

NOTE: Use the article’s DOI (Digital Object Identifier), the unique
code given by the publisher to a specific article.
 Other Online Materials - Reference List

General Form
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. Retrieved from web address
 JOURNAL ONLINE - Reference List

Article with DOI assigned:

Whitmeyer, J. M. (2000). Power through appointment. Social
Science Research, 29(4), 535-555. doi:10.1006/_ssre.2000.0680
Article from electronic journal (no print version):
Ashe, D. D., & McCutcheon, L. E. (2001). Shyness, loneliness, and
attitude toward celebrities. Current Research in Social
Psychology, 6(9). Retrieved from
http://www.uiowa.edu/~grpproc/crisp/crisp.6.9.htm
 JOURNAL ONLINE - Reference List

Article with no DOI:

(include URL for journal website not database) Boutsen, F., Cannito,
M. P., Taylor, M., & Bender, B. (2002). Botox treatment in
adductor spasmodic dysphonia: A meta-analysis. Journal of
Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 45, 469-481. Retrieved
from http://jslhr.asha.org/
Article - preprint version
Turney, P.D. (in press). The latent relation mapping engine:
Algorithm and experiments. Journal of Artificial Intelligence
Research. Retrieved from http://cogprints.org/6305/1/NRC-
50738.pdf
 JOURNAL ONLINE - Reference List

Newspaper article from an online database:

Altman, L. K. (2001, January 18). Mysterious illnesses often turn out
to be mass hysteria. New York Times. Retrieved from the
ProQuest Newspapers database.
A Newspaper article from newspaper’s website:
Cary, B. (2001, June 18). Mentors of the mind. Los Angeles Times.
Retrieved from http://www.latimes.com
Company information from a database:
Ingersoll-Rand Company Limited. (2004). Company profile.
Retrieved July 29, 2008 from Hoovers in Lexis-Nexis.
 JOURNAL ONLINE - Reference List

An article posted on an open-access or personal website

Cain, A., & Burris, M. (1999, April). Investigation of the use of
mobile phones while driving. Retrieved from
http://www.cutr.eng.usf.edu/its/mobile_phone_text.htm
Archer, Z. (n.d.). Exploring nonverbal communication. Retrieved
from http://zzyx.ucsc.edu/~archer
A cd-rom publication
Reporter, M. (1996, April 13). Electronic citing guidelines needed
[CD-ROM]. New York Times, (late ed.), p. c1. Retrieved from New
York Times Ondisc.
 Dissertations / Theses - Reference List

Obtained from university

Carlson, W. R. (1977). Dialectic and rhetoric in Pierre Bayle. (Unpublished
doctoral dissertation).Yale University, USA.
Obtained from Dissertations and Theses database
Mancall, J. C. (1979). Resources used by high school students in preparing
independent study projects: A bibliometric approach (Doctoral
dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses
database. (UMI No. AAT 7905069)
An abstract from Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI)
Delgado, V. (1997). An interview study of Native American philosophical
foundations in education. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section
A. Humanities and Social Sciences, 58(9), 3395.
 Other Materials - Reference List

Patent
Lemelson, J.H. (1981). U.S. Patent No. 4,285,338. Washington, D.C.:
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
Video or DVD (motion pictures)
Mass, J. B. (Producer), & Gluck, D. H. (Director). (1979). Deeper into hypnosis
[Motion picture]. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Television program
Pratt, C. (Executive Producer). (2001, December 2). Face the nation [Television
broadcast]. Washington, DC:
Personal communications (email messages, interviews, lectures, and telephone
conversations): Because the information is not retrievable it should not appear
in the reference list. In your paper they should look as follows:
J. Burnitz (personal communication, September 20, 2000) indicated that .… or In a
recent interview (J. Burnitz, personal communication, September 20, 2000).
 ONLINE ARTICLES - Reference List
Online Newspaper Articles
• Becker, E. (2001, August 27). Prairie farmers reap
conservation's rewards. The New York Times. Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com
Encyclopedia Articles
• Brislin, R. W. (1984). Cross-cultural psychology. In R. J. Corsini
(Ed.), Encyclopedia of psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 319-327). New
York, NY: Wiley.
• Developmental genetics. (2005). In Cambridge encyclopedia
of child development. Retrieved from http://0-
www.credoreference.com.library.muhlenberg.edu:80/entry/c
upchilddev/developmental_genetics
 Book Reviews - Reference List

• Dent-Read, C., & Zukow-Goldring, P. (2001). Is modeling

knowing? [Review of the book Models of cognitive
development, by K. Richardson]. American Journal of
Psychology, 114, 126-133.

• NOTE: For articles that have a DOI, see Journal Article with
DOI example.
• Data Sets:
• Simmons Market Research Bureau. (2000). Simmons national
consumer survey [Data file]. New York, NY: Author.
 Blogs and Web Pages - Reference List

Blog post
• Lincoln, D. S. (2009, January 23). The likeness and sameness of
the ones in the middle. [Web log post]. Retrieved from
http://www.blogspace.com/lincolnworld/2009/1/23.php
Website with no author or date of publication
• Census data revisited. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2009, from
Harvard, Psychology of Population website,
http://harvard.edu/data/index.php
• Do not include retrieval dates unless the source material
may change over time. If no DOI has been assigned to the
content, provide the homepage URL.
 Blogs and Web Pages - Reference List

Website of an organization or government

• Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. (2001). Glacial
habitat restoration areas. Retrieved from
http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/land/wildlife/hunt/hra.htm
• Midwest League. (n.d.). Pitching, individual records. Retrieved
from http://www.midwestleague.com/indivpitching.html
• A personal homepage: (retrieval date is included due to
possibility of change)
• Duncan, D. (1998, August 1). Homepage. Retrieved July 30,
2007 from
http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Coffeehouse/1652/
 Blogs and Web Pages - Reference List

A posting to an online discussion group or listserv:

• Marcy, B. (1999, April 3). Think they'll find any evidence of
Mallory & Irvine [electronic mailing list message]. Retrieved
from http://everest.mountainzone.com/99/forum
A blog post:
• MiddleKid. (2007, January 22). The unfortunate prerequisites
and consequences of partitioning your mind [Web log
message]. Retrieved from
http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/01/the_unfortunat
e_prerequisites.php
 Blogs and Web Pages - Reference List

An online video:
• Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to train a cat to operate
a light switch [Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vja83KLQXZs
• NOTE: The URL should not be underlined. Sometimes
underlining appears automatically when a URL is displayed in
a browser or in Word. Remove the underlining before
submitting your paper.
 DOI Search & APA Engine
• www.doi.org
• www.crossref.org
• www.dx.doi.org
• www.bibme.org

• doi:10.1177/1032373210396334
• doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62083-1