Digital Logic

Introduction
 DIGITAL COMPUTER SYSTEMS
Takes a set of discrete information inputs and
discrete internal information (system state) and
generates a set of discrete information outputs.

Discrete Discrete
Inputs Information
Processing Discrete
System Outputs

System State
 DIGITAL COMPUTER SYSTEMS
 Digital systems consider discrete amounts of
data.
 Examples
 26 letters in the alphabet
 10 decimal digits
 Larger quantities can be built from discrete
values:
 Words made of letters
 Numbers made of decimal digits (e.g. 239875.32)
 Computers operate on binary values (0 and 1)
 Easy to represent binary values electrically
 Voltages and currents.
 Can be implemented using circuits
 Create the building blocks of modern computers
 TYPES OF DIGITAL SYSTEMS
 No state present
 Combinational Logic System
 Output = Function(Input)

 State present
 State updated at discrete times
=> Synchronous Sequential System
 State updated at any time

=> Asynchronous Sequential System

 State = Function (State, Input)
 Output = Function (State, Input)
 INFORMATION REPRESENTATION -
SIGNALS
 Information variables represented by
physical quantities.
 For digital systems, the variables take on
discrete values.
 Two level, or binary values are the most
prevalent values in digital systems.
 Binary values are represented abstractly by:
 digits 0 and 1
 words (symbols) False (F) and True (T)
 words (symbols) Low (L) and High (H)
 and words On and Off.
 Binary values are represented by values or
ranges of values of physical quantities
 SIGNAL EXAMPLES OVER TIME

• Time
Continuous
•Analog in value &
time

•Digital Discrete in
value &
• Asynchronou continuous
s in time
Discrete in
value & time
• Synchronou
COMMONLY OCCURRING BASES
Name Radix Digits
Binary 2 0,1
Octal 8 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
Decimal 10 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
Hexadecimal 16 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
The six letters (in addition to the 10
integers) in hexadecimal represent:

LOGIC DESIGN 10CS33 Mrs Deepti.C

UNDERSTANDING BINARY NUMBERS

 Binary numbers are made of binary digits (bits):

 0 and 1
 How many items does an binary number
represent?
 (1011)2 = 1x23 + 0x22 + 1x21 + 1x20 = (11)10

 What about fractions?

 (110.10)2 = 1x22 + 1x21 + 0x20 + 1x2-1 + 0x2-2

 Groups of eight bits are called a byte

 (11001001) 2

 Groups of four bits are called a nibble.

 (1101) 2

LOGIC DESIGN 10CS33 Mrs Deepti.C

 BASE CONVERSION - POSITIVE POWERS OF 2

 Useful for Base Conversion

Exponent Value Exponent Value
0 1 11 2,048
1 2 12 4,096
2 4 13 8,192
3 8 14 16,384
4 16 15 32,768
5 32 16 65,536
6 64 17 131,072
7 128 18 262,144
8 256 19 524,288
9 512 20 1,048,576
10 1024 21 2,097,152
LOGIC DESIGN 10CS33 Mrs Deepti.C
 SPECIAL POWERS OF 2

• 210 (1024) is Kilo, denoted "K"

• 220 (1,048,576) is Mega, denoted "M"

• 230 (1,073, 741,824) is Giga, denoted "G"

• 240 (1,099,511,627,776 ) is Tera, denoted

“T"

LOGIC DESIGN 10CS33 Mrs Deepti.C

 UNDERSTANDING OCTAL NUMBERS

 Octal numbers are made of octal digits:

(0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7)

 How many items does an octal number represent?

(4536)8 = 4x83 + 5x82 + 3x81 + 6x80 = (1362)10

 What about fractions?

(465.27)8 = 4x82 + 6x81 + 5x80 + 2x8-1+7x8-2

 Octal numbers don‟t use digits 8 or 9

LOGIC DESIGN 10CS33 Mrs Deepti.C

 UNDERSTANDING HEXADECIMAL
NUMBERS

 Hexadecimal numbers are made of 16 digits:

 (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A, B, C, D, E, F)
 How many items does an hex number represent?
 (3A9F)16 = 3x163 + 10x162 + 9x161 + 15x160 = 1499910
 What about fractions?
 (2D3.5)16 = 2x162 + 13x161 + 3x160 + 5x16-1 = 723.312510
 Note that each hexadecimal digit can be represented
with four bits.
 (1110) 2 = (E)16
 Groups of four bits are called a nibble.
 (1110) 2
LOGIC DESIGN 10CS33 Mrs Deepti.C
 PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER

°
°
°

Binary, octal, and hexadecimal similar

Easy to build circuits to operate on these representations
Possible to convert between the three formats

LOGIC DESIGN 10CS33 Mrs Deepti.C

CONVERSION BETWEEN NUMBER BASES

Octal(base 8)

Decimal(base 10) Binary(base 2)

Hexadecimal
(base16)

Learn to convert between bases.

Already demonstrated how to convert from binary to decimal.
Hexadecimal described in next lecture.

LOGIC DESIGN 10CS33 Mrs Deepti.C

 CONVERT AN INTEGER FROM DECIMAL
TO ANOTHER BASE
For each digit position:

1. Divide decimal number by the base (e.g. 2)

2. The remainder is the lowest-order digit Repeat
3. first two steps until no divisor remains.

Example for (13)10:

Integer Remainder Coefficient

Quotient

13/2 = 6 + ½ a0 = 1
6/2 = 3 + 0 a1 = 0
3/2 = 1 + ½ a2 = 1
1/2 = 0 + ½ a3 = 1
Answer (13)10 = (a3 a2 a1 a0)2 = (1101)2

LOGIC DESIGN 10CS33 Mrs Deepti.C

CONVERT AN FRACTION FROM DECIMAL
TO ANOTHER BASE
For each digit position:

1. Multiply decimal number by the base (e.g. 2)

2. The integer is the highest-order digit
3. Repeat first two steps until fraction becomes zero.

Example for (0.625)10:

Integer Fraction Coefficient

0.625 x 2 = 1 + 0.25 a-1 = 1

0.250 x 2 = 0 + 0.50 a-2 = 0
0.500 x 2 = 1 + 0 a-3 = 1

Answer (0.625)10 = (0.a-1 a-2 a-3 )2 = (0.101)2

LOGIC DESIGN 10CS33 Mrs Deepti.C

 CONVERSION DETAILS
 To Convert the Integral Part:
Repeatedly divide the number by the new radix and save the
remainders. The digits for the new radix are the remainders in
reverse order of their computation. If the new radix is > 10,
then convert all remainders > 10 to digits A, B, …
 To Convert the Fractional Part:
Repeatedly multiply the fraction by the new radix and save the
integer digits that result. The digits for the new radix are the
integer digits in order of their computation. If the new radix is
> 10, then convert all integers > 10 to digits A, B, …

LOGIC DESIGN 10CS33 Mrs Deepti.C

 CONVERTING DECIMAL TO
BINARY
 Method 1
 S ubtract thelargest power of 2 that gives a positive
remainder and record the power.
 Repeat, subtracting from the prior remainder and
recording the power, until the remainder is zero.
 Place 1‟s in the positions in the binary result
corresponding to the powers recorded; in all other
positions place 0‟s.
 Example: Convert 62510 to N2

LOGIC DESIGN 10CS33 Mrs Deepti.C

EXAMPLE: CONVERT 46.687510 TO BASE 2
 Convert 46 to Base 2

 Convert 0.6875 to Base 2:

 Join the results together with the radix point:

LOGIC DESIGN 10CS33 Mrs Deepti.C

 CONVERTING BINARY TO
DECIMAL
 To convert to decimal, use decimal arithmetic
to form  (digit × respective power of 2).
 Example:Convert 11010 2 to N10 :

LOGIC DESIGN 10CS33 Mrs Deepti.C

CONVERSION BETWEEN BASES

Method 2
To convert from one base to another:

1) Convert the Integer Part

2) Convert the Fraction Part
3) Join the two results with a radix point

LOGIC DESIGN 10CS33 Mrs Deepti.C

 CHECKING THE CONVERSION
• To convert back, sum the digits times their


• respective powers of r.
• From the prior conversion of46.687510

• 101110 2 = 1·32 + 0·16 +1·8 +1·4 + 1·2 +0·1

• = 32 + 8 + 4 + 2
• = 46
• 0.1011 2 = 1/2 + 1/8 + 1/16
• = 0.5000 + 0.1250 + 0.0625
• = 0.6875
LOGIC DESIGN 10CS33 Mrs Deepti.C
 CONVERT AN INTEGER FROM
DECIMAL TO OCTAL
For each digit position:

1. Divide decimal number by the base (8)

2. The remainder is the lowest-order digit
3. Repeat first two steps until no divisor remains.

Example for (175)10:

Integer Remainder Coefficient

Quotient

175/8 = 21 + 7/8 a0 = 7
21/8 = 2 + 5/8 a1 = 5
2/8 = 0 + 2/8 a2 = 2

Answer (175)10 = (a2 a1 a0)2 = (257)8

LOGIC DESIGN 10CS33 Mrs Deepti.C

 CONVERT AN FRACTION FROM
DECIMAL TO OCTAL
For each digit position:

1. Multiply decimal number by the base (e.g. 8)

2. The integer is the highest-order digit
3. Repeat first two steps until fraction becomes zero.

Example for (0.3125)10:

Integer Fraction Coefficient

0.3125 x 8 = 2 + 5 a-1 = 2

0.5000 x 8 = 4 + 0 a-2 = 4

Answer (0.3125)10 = (0.24)8

LOGIC DESIGN 10CS33 Mrs Deepti.C

OCTAL (HEXADECIMAL) TO BINARY AND BACK
•  Octal (Hexadecimal) to Binary:
•  Restate the octal (hexadecimal) as
three (four) binary digits starting at the
radix point and going both ways.
•  Binary to Octal (Hexadecimal):
•  Group the binary digits into three (four)
bit groups starting at the radix point and
going both ways, padding with zeros as
needed in the fractional part.
•  Convert each group of three bits to an
octal (hexadecimal) digit.
LOGIC DESIGN 10CS33 Mrs Deepti.C
 OCTAL TO HEXADECIMAL VIA
BINARY
•  Convert octal to binary.
•  Use groups of four bits and convert as
above to hexadecimal digits.
•  Example: Octal to Binary to Hexadecimal
6 3 5 . 1 7 7 8

 Why do these conversions work?

LOGIC DESIGN 10CS33 Mrs Deepti.C

CONVERTING BETWEEN BASE 16 AND BASE 2

3A9F16 = 0011 1010 1001 11112

3 A 9 F

° Conversion is easy!
 Determine 4-bit value for each hex digit
° 4
Note that there are 2 = 16 different values of four bits
° Easier to read and write in hexadecimal.
° Representations are equivalent!

LOGIC DESIGN 10CS33 Mrs Deepti.C

CONVERTING BETWEEN BASE 16 AND BASE 8

3A9F16 = 0011 1010 1001 11112

3 A 9 F

352378 = 011 101 010 011 1112

3 5 2
3 7

Convert from Base 16 to Base 2

Regroup bits into groups of three starting from right
Ignore leading zeros
Each group of three bits forms an octal digit.

LOGIC DESIGN 10CS33 Mrs Deepti.C

 DECIMAL CODES - BINARY CODES FOR DECIMAL DIGITS
There are over 8,000 ways that you can chose 10 elements
from the 16 binary numbers of 4 bits. A few are useful:

Decimal 8,4,2,1 Excess3 8,4,-2,-1 Gray

0 0000 0011 0000 0000
1 0001 0100 0111 0100
2 0010 0101 0110 0101
3 0011 0110 0101 0111
4 0100 0111 0100 0110
5 0101 1000 1011 0010
6 0110 1001 1010 0011
7 0111 1010 1001 0001
8 1000 1011 1000 1001
9 1001 1100 1111 1000

LOGIC DESIGN 10CS33 Mrs Deepti.C

 BINARY CODED DECIMAL (BCD)
 The BCD code is the 8,4,2,1 code.
 8, 4, 2, and 1 are weights
 BCD is a weighted code
 This code is the simplest, most intuitive binary code
for decimal digits and uses the same powers of 2 as a
binary number, but only encodes the first ten values
from 0 to 9.
 Example: 1001 (9) = 1000 (8) + 0001 (1)
 How many “invalid” code words are there?
 What are the “invalid” code words?

LOGIC DESIGN 10CS33 Mrs Deepti.C

 WARNING: CONVERSION OR
CODING?
 Do NOT mix up conversion of a decimal number
to a binary number with coding a decimal
number with a BINARY CODE.
13 10
= 1101 2 (This is conversion)
13  0001|0011 (This is coding)

LOGIC DESIGN 10CS33 Mrs Deepti.C

 ALPHANUMERIC CODES - ASCII CHARACTER CODES
 American Standard Code for InformationInterchange
This code is a popular code used to represent
information sent as character-based data.
• It uses 7-bits to represent:
•  94 Graphic printing characters.
•  34 Non-printing characters
 Some non-printing characters are used for text
format (e.g. BS = Backspace, CR = carriage return)
 Other non-printing characters are used for record
marking and flow control (e.g. STX and ETX start
and end text areas).
LOGIC DESIGN 10CS33 Mrs Deepti.C
ASCII CODE

LOGIC DESIGN 10CS33 Mrs Deepti.C