Fuzzy Inference and

Defuzzification
Michael J. Watts

http://mike.watts.net.nz
 Lecture Outline
• Crisp Rules Revision
• Fuzzy Sets revision
• Fuzzy Inference
• Fuzzy Rules
• Fuzzy Composition
• Defuzzification
 Crisp Rules
• Consist of antecedents and consequents
• Each part of an antecedent is a logical
expression
o e.g. A > 0.5, light is on
• Consequent will be asserted if antecedent is
true
o IF (Presentation is Dull) AND (Voice is Monotone)
o THEN Lecture is boring
 Crisp Rules
• Only one rule at a time allowed to fire
• A rule will either fire or not fire
• Have problems with uncertainty
• Have problems with representing concepts
like small, large, thin, wide
• Sequential firing of rules also a problem
o order of firing
 Fuzzy Sets
• Supersets of crisp sets
• Items can belong to varying degrees
o degrees of membership
o [0,1]
• Fuzzy sets defined two ways
o membership functions
 MF
o sets of ordered pairs
 Fuzzy Sets
• Membership functions (MF)
• Mathematical functions
• Return the degree of membership in a fuzzy
set
• Many different types in existence
o Gaussian
o Triangular
 Fuzzy Sets
• Can also be described as sets of ordered
pairs
• Pair Crisp,Fuzzy values
o A={(0,1.0),(1,1.0),(2,0.75),(3,0.5),(4,0.25),(5,0.0),(
6,0.0),(7,0.0),(8,0.0),(9,0.0),(10,0.0)}
• With enough pairs, can approximate any MF
 Fuzzy Sets
• Fuzzification
• Process of finding the degree of membership
of a value in a fuzzy set
• Can be done by
o MF
o Interpolating set of pairs
 Fuzzy Rules
• Also have antecedents and consequents
• Both deal with partial truths
• Antecedents match fuzzy sets
• Consequents assign fuzzy sets
• Fuzzy rules can have weightings
o [0,1]
o importance of rule
o commonly set to 1
 Fuzzy Rules
• Restaurant tipping example
• Antecedent variables are
o quality of service
o quality of food
• Consequent variables are
o Tip
 Fuzzy Rules
• Service can be
o Poor
o good
o excellent
• Universe of
discourse is 0-
10
 Fuzzy Rules
• Food can be
o rancid
o good
o delicious
• Universe of
discourse is 0-10
 Fuzzy Rules
• Tip can be
o cheap
o average
o generous
• Universe of
discourse is 0-
25
o % tip
 Fuzzy Rules
• Rules for the tipping system
o IF service is poor or food is rancid
o THEN tip is cheap
o IF service is good
o THEN tip is average
o IF service is excellent or food is delicious
o THEN tip is generous
 Fuzzy Inference
• Infers fuzzy conclusions from fuzzy facts
• Matches facts against fuzzy antecedents
• Assigns fuzzy sets to outputs
• Three step process
o fuzzify the inputs (fuzzification)
o apply fuzzy logical operators across antecedents
o apply implication method
 Fuzzy Inference
• Implication is really two different processes
o inference
o composition
• Inference is the matching of facts to
antecedents
• Results in the truth value of each rule
o degree of support
o Alpha
 Fuzzy Inference
• Assigns fuzzy sets to each output variable
• Fuzzy sets assigned to different degrees
• Determined by degree of support for rule
• Methods for assigning (inferring) sets
o min
o Product
 Fuzzy Inference
• Min inference
• Cut output MF at degree of support

Where:
• is the output MF
• is the inferred MF
• v is the value being fuzzified
• z is the degree of support
 Fuzzy Inference
• Product inferencing
• Multiply output MF by degree of support
 Tipping Example
• Assume
o service is poor
 score of 2
o food is delicious
 score of 8
• How do we perform fuzzy inference with these
values?
 Tipping Example
• Firstly, fuzzify the input values
• Service fuzzifies to
o Poor 0.8
o Good 0.2
o Excellent 0.0
• Food fuzzifies to
o Rancid 0.0
o Good 0.4
o Delicious 0.6
 Tipping Example
• Now, calculate the degree of support for each
rule
• Rule 1:
o IF service is poor or food is rancid
o poor = 0.8
o rancid = 0.0
o max(0.8, 0.0) = 0.8
o Degree of support = 0.8
 Tipping Example
• Rule 2
o IF service is good
o good = 0.2
o max(0.2) = 0.2
o Degree of support = 0.2
 Tipping Example
• Rule 3
o IF service is excellent or food is delicious
o excellent = 0.0
o delicious = 0.6
o max(0.0, 0.6) = 0.6
o Degree of support = 0.6
 Tipping Example
• Apply implication method
• Builds an inferred fuzzy set
• Find the min value for each output MF
• Cut output MF at this value
 Min Inference
• Cut at 0.8
Min Inference
 Min Inference
• Corresponding fuzzy set
o MF =
{(0,0),(1,0.2),(2,0.4),(3,0.6),(4,0.8),(5,0.8),(6,0.8),(
7,0.6),(8,0.4),(9,0.2),(10,0), (25,0)}
 Min Inference
• Degree of support of 0.4
Min Inference
 Min Inference
• Corresponding set
o MF =
{(0,0),(1,0.2),(2,0.4),(3,0.4),(4,0.4),(5,0.4),(6,0.4),(
7,0.4),(8,0.4),(9,0.2),(10,0), (25,0)}
 Fuzzy Inference
• How are things different if we use product
inferencing?
Product Inference
 Product Inference
• Corresponding set
o MF =
{(0,0),(1,0.16),(2,0.32),(3,0.48),(4,0.64),(5,0.8),(6,
0.64),(7,0.48),(8,0.16),(9,0.16),(10,0), (25,0)}
 Product Inference
• Degree of support of 0.4
 Product Inference
• Corresponding set
o MF =
{(0,0),(1,0.08),(2,0.16),(3,0.24),(4,0.32),(5,0.4),(6,
0.32),(7,0.24),(8,0.16),(9,0.08),(10,0), (25,0)}
 Fuzzy Composition
• Aggregates the inferred MF into one
• Two methods of doing this
o Max
o Sum
 Fuzzy Composition
• MAX takes the max fuzzy value for each value
of v
o equivalent to taking the fuzzy values for the
highest activated rule for each output fuzzy set
• SUM sums all fuzzy values for each value of v
o can lead to truth values > 1
o may need to be normalised to [0,1]
 implications for defuzzification
 Fuzzy Composition
• Assume
o 3 MF attached to the output
 A, B and C
o Each MF has been asserted by two different rules
 6 rules activated (degrees of support) > 0
o Degrees of support
 0.8, 0.4, 0.6, 0.5, 0.7, 0.3
o Prod inference used
 Fuzzy Composition
• For Set A

• For Set B

• For Set C
 Max Composition
• MAX composition
o Take the max of each column
Max Composition
 Sum Composition
• Sum composition
o sum each column
Sum Composition
 Defuzzification
• Converts inferred MF into crisp numbers
• Many different types in existence
• Two common ones
o Centre of Gravity
o Mean of Maxima
 COG Defuzzification
• Centre of Gravity
o CoG

• Where:
o y is the crisp value
o K is the number of items in the fuzzy set
 COG Defuzzification
• Applying this to the first composite set
COG Defuzzification
COG Defuzzification
 Defuzzification
• Mean of Maxima
o MoM
• Finds the mean of the crisp values that
correspond to the maximum fuzzy values
• If there is one maximum fuzzy value, the
corresponding crisp value will be taken from
the fuzzy set
 MoM Defuzzification
• Applying this to the first composite set
• Maximum fuzzy value is 0.8
• Corresponding crisp value is 4
• This is the value returned by MoM
 MoM Defuzzification
• What about sets with > 1 maximum?
• Apply this to the third composite set
 MoM Defuzzification
• Maximum fuzzy value if 0.8
• Corresponding crisp values are
o 4, 5 and 6
MoM Defuzzification
 Summary
• Fuzzy rules match fuzzy antecedents to fuzzy
consequents
• Degree to which antecedents are true
determine the degree of support
• Fuzzy logic functions are used to determine
this
 Summary
• Fuzzy inference involves calculating an output
fuzzy set
• Different inference process produces different
inferred MF
• Two inferences processes are
o max-min
o Max-prod
 Summary
• Two common composition methods
o MAX
o SUM
• Inference methods described by combining
inference & composition methods
o max-min (or min-max)
o max-prod
• Defuzzification converts a composed MF to a
single crisp value
 Summary
• Different defuzzification methods produce
different crisp values
o sometimes wildly different
• Two different defuzzification methods
o Centre of Gravity
 CoG
o Mean of Maxima
 MoM