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Programming In: Revised 2 Edition

Programming in Java

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Garimella Vivekananda
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1K views

Programming In: Revised 2 Edition

Programming in Java

Uploaded by

Garimella Vivekananda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Programming in

Java
Revised 2nd Edition
Sachin Malhotra & Saurabh Choudhary

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.


Chapter 1
Introduction to OOP

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.


Objective
• Understand what is Object Oriented programming

• Understand the principles of OOP

• How is OOP different from Procedural languages

• Problems in Procedural programming and how OOP overcomes them

• Applications of OOP

• Understand UML notations

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.


Procedural Languages
• C, PASCAL, FORTRAN languages are all procedural languages.

• A program is a list of instructions.

• Complexity increases as the length of a program increases.

• Divide a large program into different functions or modules.

• Problems with Procedural languages.


• functions have unrestricted access to global data

• they provide poor mapping to real world

• Not extensible

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.


Introduction to OOP
• A programming paradigm.

• Deals with concepts of object to build programs and software


applications.

• Modeled around real world.

• The world we live in is full of objects.

• Every object has a well-defined identity, attributes and behavior.

• Objects exhibit the same behavior in programming.

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.


OOP Principles
• Classes

• Objects

• Abstraction

• Encapsulation

• Inheritance

• Polymorphism

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Class
• Blueprint for an object, a plan, or template.

• Description of a number of similar objects is also called class.

• A class is also defined as a new data type; a user-defined type.

• Defining a class doesn’t create an object.

• Classes are logical in nature.

• For examples, Furniture do not have any existence but tables and
chairs do exist.

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Object
• Defined as instance of a class. For example table, chair are all instances
of the class Furniture.

• Objects have unique identity, state and behavior.

• State is defined by the attributes of the object.

• Different objects have different attributes (characteristics)

• For example the attributes of student are name, roll number etc.

• Behavior actually determines the way an object interacts with other


objects.

• Synonym to functions.
© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.
Abstraction
• In real life, humans manage complexity by abstracting details away.

• In programming, we manage complexity by concentrating only on


the essential characteristics and suppressing implementation details.

• For example Car.

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Inheritance
• Way to adopt characteristics of a class into another class.

• Have two types of classes: one is base class and other is subclass.

• A parent-child relationship among classes in inheritance.

• A subclass inherits all the properties of base class. In addition to this


it can add its own features (properties and behavior).

• For example, we can categorize vehicle into car, bus, scooter, ships,
planes etc.

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Inheritance

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Encapsulation
• Binding of data and procedure.

• Restrict any one to directly alter our data.

• Also known as data hiding.

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.


Encapsulation

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Polymorphism
• Polymorphism means many forms.

• Same thing being used in different forms. For example certain


bacteria that exhibit more than one morphological form.

• Operating overloading is not supported by java.

• Addition operator (+) is an exception can be used for addition of two


integers as well as concatenation of two strings.

• Compile-time and run-time polymorphism.

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.


Your Turn
• What is a class?

• What is an object?

• What are the various Object Oriented Principles?

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.


Comparison of OO and Procedural Languages
Procedural language Object Oriented language
Separate data from function that operate Encapsulate data and methods in a class
on them
Not suitable for defining abstract types Suitable for defining abstract types

Debugging is difficult Debugging is easier


Difficult to implement change Easier to manage and implement change

Not suitable for larger Suitable for larger programs and


applications/programs applications
Analysis and design not so easy Analysis and Design Made Easier
Faster Slower
Less flexible Highly flexible
Data and procedure based Object oriented
Less reusable More reusable
Only data and procedures are there Inheritance, encapsulation and
polymorphism are key features

Use top down approach Use bottom up approach


Only a function call to another Object communication is there
C, Basic, FORTRAN JAVA,C++, VB.NET, C#.NET

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.


UML
• A standard language for OOAD.

• Graphical notation for all entities (class, object, etc.)

• Helps in visualizing the system.

• Reducing complexity and improving software quality.

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.


UML Notation For class

Employee
Class

name
address
designation
salary
Attributes

addEmployee
deleteEmployee
searchEmployee
Behavior

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.


UML Notation for Object

:Employee
Object

name=peter
address=NY
designation=manager
salary=10000

Attributes

addEmployee
deleteEmployee
searchEmployee

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.


Multiplicity
• An instance of a class can be related to any number of instances of
other class known as multiplicity of the relation.

• One-to-one

• One-to-many

• Many-to-many

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One-to-One relation

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One to Many

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Many to Many

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Notation for Inheritance

• Triangle and square are two type of shape.


• They inherit Shape class.

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UML Diagram Depicting Polymorphism

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Aggregation

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Composition

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Applications of OOP
• Real Time systems

• Artificial Intelligence

• Expert Systems

• Neural Networks

• Database Management

• Mobile Applications

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.


Summary
• OOP revolves around objects and classes.
• A class is defined as a group of objects with similar attributes and
behavior.
• OOP principles are Inheritance, Abstraction, Encapsulation and
Polymorphism.
• For building large projects, a technique known as OOAD is used.
• OOA deals with what the system should do and OOD deals with how
the system achieves what has been specified by OO Analysis.
• OOAD is realized with the help of a language known as UML.
• UML stands for Unified Modeling Language and is a standard
language used for visualizing the software.

© Oxford University Press 2018. All rights reserved.

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