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Today's Lecture Includes: Header Files Scope of Variables Functions Call by Value Call by Reference

Today's lecture covered header files, scope of variables, and functions including call by value and call by reference. Header files allow inclusion of commonly used declarations via #include. Variables have different scopes like block, function, and global scope depending on where they are declared. Functions can be called by passing values directly or passing a reference to a variable using pointers, modifying the original variable in the latter case.

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Azhar Hussain
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30 views

Today's Lecture Includes: Header Files Scope of Variables Functions Call by Value Call by Reference

Today's lecture covered header files, scope of variables, and functions including call by value and call by reference. Header files allow inclusion of commonly used declarations via #include. Variables have different scopes like block, function, and global scope depending on where they are declared. Functions can be called by passing values directly or passing a reference to a variable using pointers, modifying the original variable in the latter case.

Uploaded by

Azhar Hussain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Today's Lecture Includes

 Header Files

 Scope of Variables

 Functions
 Call by value

 Call by reference
Header Files

#include <iostream.h>
Prototype

Assignment list with


Return type data types

int functionName ( int , int );


Using Header Files

 double pi = 3.1415926;

 It is better to define this value in a header file


 Then simply by including the header file in
the program this value is defined and it has a
meaningful name
#define

 #define pi 3.1415926
 Name can be used inside a program exactly
like a variable
 It cannot be used as a variable

 CircleArea = pi * radius * radius


Circumference = 2 * pi * radius
Scope of Identifiers

 Identifier is any name user creates in his/her


program

 Functions are also identifiers


Scope of Identifiers

 Scope means visibility

 A variable declared inside a block has


visibility within that block only

 Variables defined within the function has a


scope that is function wide
Example

void functionName ( )
{
{
int i ;
}
…..
}
Identifiers Important Points

 Do not create variables with same name


inside blocks, inside functions or inside
bigger blocks

 Try to use separate variable names to avoid


confusion

 Reuse of variables is valid


File Scope

# include < iostream.h >


int i ;

Global variable
Global Variable

 Can be used anywhere in program


 Can cause logical problems if same variable
name is used in local variable declarations

For Good Programming


Try to minimize the use of global variables
 Try to use local variables as far as possible
Visibility of Identifiers

 Global Scope Anything identified or


declared outside of any function is visible to
all functions in that file
 Function level scope Declaring variables
inside a function can be used in the whole
function
 Block level scope Variables or integers
declared inside block are used inside block
Example: Block Scope

 for ( int i = 0 ; i < 10 ; i++ )

 It is block level scope declared in for loop


 When for is finished “ i ” no longer exists
Example 1
 void func()
{
int outer; //Function level scope
...
{ int inner; //Code block level scope
inner = outer; //No problem
 ...
}
inner ++; //Compilation error
}
Example: Global Scope

#include < iostream.h >


int i ;
void f ( void ) ;
main ( )
{
i = 10 ;
cout<< “ within main i = “ << i ;f ( ) ;
}
Example: Global Scope

void f ( void )
{
cout<< “ Inside function f , i =“ << i ;
i = 20 ;
}
Example: Call by Value

#include <iostream.h >


int f ( int ) ;
main ( )
{
int i = 10 ;
cout << “In main i = " << i ;f ( i ) ;
cout << " Back in main, i = " << i ;
}
Example: Call by Value

int f ( int i )
{
cout << "In function f , i = " << i ;
i *= 2 ;
cout << "In function f , i is now = “ << i ;
return i ;
}
Example : Square of a Number
double square ( double x )
{ return x * x ; }
main ( )
{
double number = 123.456 ;
cout << “ The square of “ << number <<
“ is “<< square ( number ) ;
cout << “ The current value of “ <<
number << “is “ << number ;
}
Call by Reference

 A function in which original value of


the variable is changed
 To call by reference we cannot pass
value, we have to pass memory
address of variable
 “&” is used to take the address of a
variable
Example: Call by Reference
main ( )
{
double x = 123.456 ;
square ( &x ) ;
}

Value of ‘x’ is not passed , but the memory


address of ‘x’ is passed
Example: Call by Reference

x is a pointer to a variable double

square ( double *x )
{
*x = *x * *x ;
}
Pointers

 Pointers are used to pass address of variable


for reference

 We use “ &x ” to send the address of “ x “

 To receive the address we use “ *x ”


(whatever “ x ” points to)

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