MODULAR CONCEPTS INDIA PVT LTD
CONCRETE AND CONCRETE
STRUCTURES
Concrete Construction
Concrete
Rocklike Material
Ingredients
– Portland Cement
– Course Aggregate
– Fine Aggregate
– Water
– Admixtures (optional)
Concrete Properties
Versatile
Pliable when mixed
Strong & Durable
Does not Rust or Rot
Does Not Need a Coating
Resists Fire
MAKING AND TESTING OF CONCRETE
Mixing, placing, finishing and curing of concrete
Mixing: Involves weighing out all the ingredients for a batch of concrete and
mixing them together - A six-bag batch contains six bags of cement per batch
- Hand-mixing (tools used) - Mixing with stationary or paving mixer - Mixing
with truck mixers - Rated capacities of mixers vary from 2cu.ft. to 2cu.m.
Pumping and placing: Concrete is conveyed to the construction site in
wheel barrows, cranes or chutes or pumped (high-rise building). Concrete
Placed in horizontal layers of uniform thickness 300mm and consolidated
before placing the next layer
Finishing: The concrete must be leveled and surface made smooth/flat -
Smooth finish; Float/trowel finish; Broom finish; Exposed aggregate finish
Placement of concrete - Direct
From the Transit Mixer
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POOR QUALITY CONCRETING
Improperly consolidated Concrete
Curing of concrete : Process of maintaining enough
moisture in concrete to maintain the rate of hydration
during its early stages - The most important single step
in developing concrete strength, after proper mix design
- If not properly carried out, affects its strength, water
tightness and durability.
Methods of curing: Ponding or immersion; spraying or
fogging ; wet coverings (with hessian cloth); Impervious
paper (two sheets of Kraft paper cemented together by
bituminous adhesive with fiber reinforcements); Plastic
sheets (Polyethyelene films 0.10 mm thick); membrane-
forming curing compound; Steam curing
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Properties of Fresh Concrete:
Concrete should be such that it can be
transported, placed, compacted and finished
without harmful segregation - The mix should
maintain its uniformity and not bleed excessively;
these two are collectively called as workability -
Bleeding is movement and appearance of water at
the surface of freshly-placed concrete, due to
settlement of heavier particles
Concrete Curing
Must be kept Moist
Moisture Needed for:
Hydration
(Development of Strength)
WORKABLITY OF CONCRETE 13
Sample collected Slump Cone Filled
Slump Measured
Cone Removed and Concrete
Allowed to ‘Slump’
Consistency and Workability: Consistency is a measure of its wetness and fluidity - Measured by the slump
test - Workability dependent on water content, fineness of cement, and surface area of aggregates
Specified by 28 Day Compressive Strength
Measured in pounds of compressive strength per square inch (psi) or
Newtons/square metre
Primarily Determined By:
Amount of Cement
Water-Cement Ratio
Other influencing factors:
Admixture(s)
Aggregate Selection & Gradation
If a low water cement ratio is desirable for quality concrete, why would one
ever want to add excess water?
Concrete with high W/C ratio is easier to place.
Workability, with desired qualities, often accomplished with admixtures
EFFECT OF WATER-CEMENT RATIO
Concrete Reinforcing
Concrete - No Useful Tensile Strength
Reinforcing Steel - Tensile Strength
– Similar Coefficient of thermal expansion
– Chemical Compatibility
– Adhesion Of Concrete To Steel
Theory of Steel Location
“Place reinforcing steel where the
concrete is in tension”
Reinforcing Steel
Sizes
8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 32, 40mm
Grades
Fe-415, Fe-500, Fe-550 & Fe-600
Reinforcing Stirrups
Position Beam Reinforcing
Resist Diagonal Forces / Resist Cracking
Reinforcing a Continuous Concrete Beam
Most Beams are not simple span beams
Location of Tension Forces Changes
Midspan - Bottom in Tension
At Beam Supports - Top in Tension
Reinforcing Concrete Columns
Vertical Bars
– Carry Compressive &
– Tension Loads
– Bar Configuration -
– Multi-story
Ties - Small bars
– - Wrapped around the vertical bars
– - Help prevent buckling
– - Circular or Rectangular
– - Column Ties or
– - Column Spirals
Installation
Casting A Concrete Wall (cont)
Install Embeds (if required)
Install Bulkheads
Inspect
Erect second side
Plumb& Brace
Establish Pour Hgt.
One-Way Slab & Beam
Two-Way Flat Slab
Flat slab w/ reinforcing beams
Flat
Plate
Drop Panel
With, or w/o Capitals or drop panels Drop Panel w/
Capital
