THEORIES ABOUT THE
FORMATION OF THE
UNIVERSE AND THE
SOLAR SYSTEM
At the end of the discussion, the students will be able to
he different theories on the Origin of the Universe
he different hypothesis on the formation of the Solar Sys
ncept Map on the Origin of the Universe and the Solar S
What is Universe?
• comprises all space and time, and all
matter & energy in it.
• It is made of :
4.6% BARYONIC MATTER
24% DARK MATTER
71.4% DARK ENERGY
• BARYONIC MATTER - "ordinary" matter
consisting of protons, electrons, and neutrons
that comprises atoms, planets, stars, galaxies,
and other bodies
• DARK MATTER - matter that has gravity but
does not emit light.
• DARK ENERGY - a source of anti-gravity; a
force that counteracts gravity and causes the
universe to expand.
What is in the Universe?
• HYDROGEN and HELIUM
-are the most abundant elements in the
Universe.
• STARS – a luminous ball of gas, mostly
hydrogen and helium, held together by its
own gravity.
• GALAXY -is a cluster of billions of stars and
clusters of galaxies form superclusters.
• PLANETS
• COMETS – A relatively small , at times active,
object whose ice can vaporize in sunlight
forming an atmosphere of dust and gas and
sometimes, a tail of dust and gas
• ASTEROIDS – A relatively small, inactive, rocky
body orbiting the Sun.
• METEOROIDS – A small particle from a comet
or asteroid orbiting the Sun.
• METEOR – The light phenomena which results
when a meteoroid enters the Earth’s
atmosphere and vaporizes; a shooting star.
• METEORITE – A meteoroid that survives its
passage through the Earth’s atmosphere and
lands upon the Earth’s surface.
How old is the Universe?
• Based on recent data, the universe is
13.7 BILLION YEARS OLD
ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE:
A touch to theories involving
in its creation.
NON-SCIENTIFIC THOUGHTS
Ancient Egyptians believed in many gods and myths
which narrate that the world arose from an infinite
sea at the first rising of the sun.
The Kuba people of Central Africa tell the story of a
creator god Mbombo (or Bumba) who alone in a dark
and water-covered Earth, felt an intense stomach pain
and then vomited the stars, sun, and moon.
In India, there is the narrative that gods sacrificed
Purusha, the primal man whose head, feet, eyes, and
mind became the sky, earth, sun, and moon
respectively.
CREATION THEORY
The Universe was created by a supreme being
SCIENTIFIC THOUGHTS
STEADY STATE THEORY
This theory states that there is a continuous
creation of matter which is observable as the
expansion of the universe thereby maintaining
its density.
STEADY STATE THEORY
• The now discredited steady state model of the
universe was proposed in 1948 by Bondi and
Gould and by Hoyle.
• Its predictions led to tests and its eventual
rejection with the discovery of the cosmic
microwave background.
Cosmic a rapidly
expanding
Inflation the
universe bubble of pure
Theory was vacuum energy
***It did not have anymatter
or energy.
BIG CRUNCH THEORY
The theory state that when the universe have
The theory state that when the universe have
reached its maximum expansion, matter
reached its maximum expansion, matter
collapses and return back to singularity.
collapses and return back to singularity.
BIG BANG THEORY
• Proposed by GEORGE LEMAITRE & ALEKSANDER
FRIEDMAN
• As the currently accepted theory of the origin and
evolution of the universe, the Big Bang.
• Theory postulates that 13.7 billion years ago, the
universe expanded from a tiny, dense and hot
matter and started to cool down, going through
different transitional phases.
BIG
BIGBANG
BANGTHEORY
THEORY
• After the Bang
matter , energy, time, space was created
• Stages of Evolution
1. Radiation Era – dominance of radiation
2. Matter Era – dominance of matter
BIG
BIGBANG
BANGTHEORY
THEORY
• 1. RADIATION ERA
this is made of smaller stages called the
“EPOCH”
A. Plank Epoch
temp.; 1040 Kelvin
time: immediate after the bang
- No matter existed in the universe at this time
only energy and ancestor of the forces of
nature ( gravity, strong nuclear, electroweak
and electromagnetic)
BIG BANG THEORY
- significant event happens where in the gravity
split off from the forces of nature
B. Grand Unification Epoch
temp.; 1036 Kelvin
time: 10-43 seconds after
-significant event happens where in the strong
nuclear brooked away from the forces of
nature.
BIG BANG THEORY
C. Inflationary Epoch
temp.; 1033 Kelvin
time: 10-36 seconds after
- universe expanded rapidly
- allows the formation of electron, quarks and
anti quarks particles
BIG BANG THEORY
D. Electroweak Epoch
temp.; 1020 Kelvin
time: 10-32 seconds after
-significant event was, the two remaining
forces of nature split away.
E. Quark Epoch
temp.; 1016 Kelvin
time: 10-12 seconds after
- all ingredients were present however it is too
hot and dense for subatomic particles to form
F. Hadron Epoch
temp.; 1012 Kelvin
time: 10-6 seconds after
-the universe cooled down enough for quarks to
bind and form proton and neutron
BIG BANG THEORY
G. Lepton & Nuclear Epoch
temp.; 1010 Kelvin/ 109 Kelvin
time: 1 seconds after / 100 seconds after
-the proton and neutron fused and created the
first chemical element the HYDROGEN
2. MATTER ERA
A. Atomic Epoch
temp: 3000 Kelvin
time: 50 000 years after
- temperature cooled down enough for an
electron to attached to nuclei for the first
time, a process called RECOMBINATION
- Helps to create the second element HELIUM
BIG BANG THEORY
C. Galactic Epoch
time: 200 million years after
- hydrogen and helium atoms dominates the
universe with atomic clouds within it small
pockets of gas may have enough gravity cause
atoms to collect. Clusters of atoms were formed
and become the seedling of Galaxies
D. Stellar Epoch
time: 3 billion years after
- inside the galaxies, stars begun to form
Evidences of Big Bang
• CMB (cosmic microwave
background)
• Red shift
• Relative abundance
this radiation was released about 380,000
years after the big bang
discovery in 1964 by Arno Penzias and
Robert Woodrow Wilson
- describes how far away a distant object.
- When an object moves away from us
(earth), its light waves are stretched into
lower frequency or longer wavelengths,
and we say that the light is redshift.
- discovered by Edwin Hubble in 1992
THEORIES (FORMATION OF THE
SOLAR SYSTEM)
EVOLUTIONARY CATASTROPHIC
Nebular Protoplanet Planetesimal Tidal
NATURAL IMPACTS
THEORIES ON THE FORMATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
* NEBULAR Theory
- proposed by Immanuel Kant and Pierre
Laplace
- formation of the Solar System was the result
of a nebula, which is a large dust cloud that
collapsed to form into rings of matter.
1.collapse
2.spinning
3.flattening
4.condensation
5. accretion
CSCI 11.1
THEORIES ON THE FORMATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
* PROTOPLANET Theory
- Proposed by Gerard Kuiper and
Carl von Weizsacker
- a modification of nebulary theory
a. Contraction (sun is formed)
b. Accretion disk (dust particles)
c. Formation of planetesimals
d. Uncondensed gas is blown
away
THEORIES ON THE FORMATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
* PLANETESIMAL Theory
- Introduced by Thomas Chrowder
Chamberlin and Forest Ray Moulton
- A star get close and collide with the sun
created huge tides on the surface of our sun
that resulted to erupted matter.
CSCI 11.1
THEORIES ON THE FORMATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
* TIDAL Theory
- Introduced by James Hopwood Jeans and Harold
Jeffreys
- The tidal interaction between the Sun and a passing
star would raise tides on the Sun resulting in the loss of
a single cigar-shaped filament of hot gas.
Other theories
• Oscillating Universe Theory –
Another big bang will occur when
the universe starts to run down.
• Fission Theory – Bursting the sun set
out the planets and moons.
• Capture Theory – Planets and moons were
wandering around and were captured by the sun.
• Accretion Theory – Small chunks of materials
gradually combined and formed Earth, then more
chunks formed the moon.
• Planetary Collision Theory – Earth Collide with a
small planet, producing the moon.
• Stellar Collision Theory - Two stars collide and
formed the planets and moons.
• Gas Cloud theory – Gas clouds were pulled by
sun’s gravity, then formed into planets and
moons.
Shine like
the whole
Universe
is yours.
- Rumi
THE END
G_ A _L A A X_ Y_
It is a cluster of billions of stars and clusters of
galaxies form superclusters.
