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Introduction To Power Electronics

Power electronics involves converting and controlling electric power using power semiconductor devices like diodes and thyristors. Diodes can be classified as switching on with forward bias and blocking reverse currents. Common diode types include Schottky, fast recovery, and line frequency diodes. Power electronic circuits use diodes in half wave and full wave rectifiers to convert AC to DC power for applications. Freewheeling diodes provide a path for inductive load currents when switches open. Three phase bridge rectifiers are commonly used in high power applications to produce DC output from three phase AC inputs.

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163 views33 pages

Introduction To Power Electronics

Power electronics involves converting and controlling electric power using power semiconductor devices like diodes and thyristors. Diodes can be classified as switching on with forward bias and blocking reverse currents. Common diode types include Schottky, fast recovery, and line frequency diodes. Power electronic circuits use diodes in half wave and full wave rectifiers to convert AC to DC power for applications. Freewheeling diodes provide a path for inductive load currents when switches open. Three phase bridge rectifiers are commonly used in high power applications to produce DC output from three phase AC inputs.

Uploaded by

Rama Murali Krishna
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Instrumentation

&
Power Electronics

Lecture 11 & 12
Introduction to Power Electronics
What is power electronics?
1) Definition
Power Electronics: is the electronics applied to conversion and
control of electric power.

Electric
Power Power
Power
input output
Converter

Control
input
What is power electronics?
A more exact explanation:
The primary task of power electronics is to process and control
the flow of electric energy by supplying voltages and currents in
a form that is optimally suited for user loads.
Power Electronic Devices
• The power Electronic devices provides the
utility of switching.

• The flow of power through these devices can


be controlled via small currents.

• Power electronics devices differ from ordinary


electronics devices in terms of their
characterittics.
Power Electronic Devices
• Power Semiconductor Devices can be
classified into three groups according to their
degree of controllability.

– Diodes (on and off controlled by power circuit)


– Thyristors (latched on by control signal but must
be turned off by power circuit)
– Controllable Switches (turned on and off by
control signal)
Diodes
• When the diode is forward biased it begins to conduct
with only a small voltage across it.

• When the diode is reversed biased only a negligibly


small leakage current flow through the device until the
reverse breakdown voltage is reached.

• In normal operation reverse bias voltage should not


reach the breakdown rating.
Diodes
• Following figure shows the i-v characteristics of
the diode.
Diodes

• In view of very small


current in blocking
state and small
voltage in conducting
state , the i-v
characteristics of the
diode can be
idealized.
Diodes
• At Turn on, the diode can be considered as an ideal switch.
It turns on rapidly compared to the transients in the power
circuit.
• However, at turn off, the diode current reverses for a
reverse recovery time as shown in following figure.

• The reverse recovery current can lead to overvoltage in


inductive circuits.
Types of Diodes
• Depending on the application requirement various
types of diodes are available.

– Schottky Diode

– Fast Recovery Diode

– Line Frequency Diode


Types of Diodes
– Schottky Diode

– These diodes are used where a low forward voltage drop


(typically 0.3 v) is needed.

– These diodes are limited in their blocking voltage


capabilities to 50v- 100v.
Types of Diodes
– Fast Recovery Diode

– These diodes are designed to be used in high frequency


circuits in combination with controllable switches where
a small reverse recovery time is needed.

– At power levels of several hundred volts and several


hundred amperes such diodes have trr rating of less than
few microseconds.
Types of Diodes
– Line Frequency Diode

– The on state of these diodes is designed to be as low as

possible.

– As a consequence they have large trr, which are

acceptable for line frequency applications.


Diode With RC Load
• Following Figure shows a diode with RC load.
• When switch S1 is closed at t=0, the charging current that
flows through the capacitor is found from
Diode With RC Load
• Following Figure shows a diode with RC load.
• When switch S1 is closed at t=0, the charging current that
flows through the capacitor is found from
Diode With RL Load
• Following Figure shows a diode with RL load.
• When switch S1 is closed at t=0, the current through the
inductor is increased
Diode With RL Load
• Following Figure shows a diode with RL load.
• When switch S1 is closed at t=0, the current through the
inductor is increased.
Diode With RL Load
• The waveform shows when t>>T, the voltage across
inductor tends to be zero and its current reaches
maximum value.

• If an attempt is made to
open S1 energy stored in
inductor (=0.5Li2) will be
transformed into high
reverse voltage across
diode and switch.
Example#1
• A diode circuit is shown in figure, with R=44Ω and C=0.1μF. The
capacitor has an initial voltage Vo=220 v. If S1 is closed at t=0
determine:

– Peak Diode Current

– Energy Dissipated in resistor

– Capacitor voltage at t=2 μs


Example#1
• A diode circuit is shown in figure, with R=44Ω and C=0.1μF. The
capacitor has an initial voltage Vo=220 v. If S1 is closed at t=0
determine:

– Peak Diode Current


Example#1
• A diode circuit is shown in figure, with R=44Ω and C=0.1μF. The
capacitor has an initial voltage Vo=220 v. If S1 is closed at t=0
determine:

– Energy Dissipated in resistor

– Capacitor voltage at t=2 μs


Freewheeling Diode
• If switch S1 is closed a current is established through the
load, and then, if the switch is open, a path must be
provided for the current in the inductive load.

• This is normally done by


connecting a diode Dm, called
a freewheeling diode.
Freewheeling Diode
• The circuit operation is divided into two modes.
• Mode 1 begins when the switched is closed.
• During this mode the current voltage relation is
Freewheeling Diode
• Mode 2 starts when the S1 is opened and the load current
starts to flow through Dm.
Freewheeling Diode
• The waveform of the entire operation is given below.
Line Frequency Diode Rectifier
• In most power Electronic systems, the power
input is in the form of a 50Hz or 60Hz sine wave
ac voltage.
• The general trend is to use inexpensive diode
rectifiers to convert ac into dc in an uncontrolled
manner.
Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier
• A single Phase half wave rectifier is the simplest
type and is not normally used in industrial
applications.
Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier

• Although output voltage is


D.C, it is discontinuous and
contains Harmonics.
Single Phase Full Wave Rectifier
• Each half of the transformer
with its associated acts as a
half wave rectifier.
Single Phase Full Wave Rectifier
• Instead of using centre-
tapped transformer we
could use four diodes.
Three Phase Bridge Rectifier
• Three Phase bridge rectifier is very common in high power
applications.
• It can operate with or without transformer and give six-
pulse ripple on the out.
Three Phase Bridge Rectifier
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END OF LECTURES-11-12

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