Induction Motors
Induction Motors
Induction Motors
M.Maharaja
Introduction
Three-phase induction motors are the most common
and frequently encountered machines in industry
simple design, rugged, low-price, easy maintenance
wide range of power ratings: fractional horsepower to 10
MW
run essentially as constant speed from zero to full load
speed is power source frequency dependent
not easy to have variable speed control
requires a variable-frequency power-electronic drive for
optimal speed control
Construction
An induction motor has two main parts
a stationary stator
consisting of a steel frame that supports a hollow, cylindrical
core
core, constructed from stacked laminations (why?), having a
number of evenly spaced slots, providing the space for the
stator winding
Stator of IM
Construction
a revolving rotor
composed of punched laminations, stacked to
create a series of rotor slots, providing space for the
rotor winding
one of two types of rotor windings
conventional 3-phase windings made of insulated
wire (wound-rotor) » similar to the winding on the
stator
aluminum bus bars shorted together at the ends by
two aluminum rings, forming a squirrel-cage
shaped circuit (squirrel-cage)
Two basic design types depending on the rotor design
squirrel-cage
wound-rotor
Types of Induction Motors
The types of induction motors can be classified depending
on whether they are a single phase or three phase induction
motor.
Single Phase Induction Motor
The types of single phase induction motors include:
Split Phase Induction Motor
Capacitor Start Induction Motor
Capacitor Start and Capacitor Run Induction Motor
Shaded Pole Induction Motor
Three Phase Induction Motor
The types of three phase induction motors include:
Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
Slip Ring Induction Motor
Construction Squirrel cage rotor
Wound rotor
Notice the
slip rings
Construction
Slip rings
Cutaway in a
typical wound-
rotor IM.
Notice the
brushes and the
slip rings
Brushes
Rotating Magnetic Field
Balanced three phase windings, i.e.
mechanically displaced 120 degrees form
each other, fed by balanced three phase
source
A rotating magnetic field with constant
magnitude is produced, rotating with a
speed
120 f e
nsync rpm
P
Where ind is the induced torque and BR and BS are the magnetic
flux densities of the rotor and the stator respectively
Induction motor speed
At what speed will the IM run?
Can the IM run at the synchronous speed, why?
If rotor runs at the synchronous speed, which is the
same speed of the rotating magnetic field, then the rotor
will appear stationary to the rotating magnetic field and
the rotating magnetic field will not cut the rotor. So, no
induced current will flow in the rotor and no rotor
magnetic flux will be produced so no torque is
generated and the rotor speed will fall below the
synchronous speed
When the speed falls, the rotating magnetic field will
cut the rotor windings and a torque is produced
Induction motor speed
So, the IM will always run at a speed lower than the
synchronous speed
The difference between the motor speed and the
synchronous speed is called the Slip
nslip nsync nm
Where nslip= slip speed
nsync= speed of the magnetic field
nm = mechanical shaft speed of the motor
The Slip
nsync nm
s
Where s is the slip nsync
Notice that : if the rotor runs at synchronous speed
s=0
if the rotor is stationary
s=1
Slip may be expressed as a percentage by multiplying the above
eq. by 100, notice that the slip is a ratio and doesn’t have units
Power losses in Induction machines
Copper losses
Copper loss in the stator (PSCL) = I12R1
Copper loss in the rotor (PRCL) = I22R2
Core loss (Pcore)
Mechanical power loss due to friction and windage
How this power flow in the motor?
SUMMARY
Operation of the induction motor is based on the ingenious
principle of induction of EMFs and currents in the rotor that is
not directly connected to any supply source. Three-phase
currents in stator windings produce a
revolving magnetic field, whose angular velocity, called a
synchronous velocity of the motor, is proportional to the supply
frequency and inversely proportional to the number of pole
pairs. The latter parameter, an integer, depends on the
configuration of the windings, and it determines the field
pattern. The rotor rotates with a speed different than that of the
field. Consequently, lines of magnetic flux intersect rotor
conductors, inducing the EMFs and currents. Slip, s, which is the
relative difference of speeds of the field and rotor, is one of the
most important quantities defining operating conditions of an
induction machine.