Scribd
Upload
360 views21 pages

Ultrasonic Testing: NDT Training & Certification

The document discusses ultrasonic testing techniques. It covers topics like sound generation methods using piezo-electric, magnetostrictive, and laser techniques. It describes the piezo-electric effect and piezo-electric materials used in probes like quartz, lithium sulfate, and polarized crystals like barium titanate and lead zirconate titanate. It also discusses probe design features, focusing techniques, sound intensity measurements in decibels, and automated inspection methods like pulse echo, gap scanning, and immersion testing.

Uploaded by

Midhun K Chandrabose
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
360 views21 pages

Ultrasonic Testing: NDT Training & Certification

The document discusses ultrasonic testing techniques. It covers topics like sound generation methods using piezo-electric, magnetostrictive, and laser techniques. It describes the piezo-electric effect and piezo-electric materials used in probes like quartz, lithium sulfate, and polarized crystals like barium titanate and lead zirconate titanate. It also discusses probe design features, focusing techniques, sound intensity measurements in decibels, and automated inspection methods like pulse echo, gap scanning, and immersion testing.

Uploaded by

Midhun K Chandrabose
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

NDT Training & Certification

Ultrasonic Testing
Day 3

mmz 2003
Sound Generation
 Hammers (Wheel tapers)
 Magnetostrictive
 Lasers
 Piezo-electric

magnetostrictive
mmz 2003
Piezo-Electric Effect
 When exposed to an alternating current a
crystal expands and contracts

 Converting electrical energy into mechanical

- + + - - +

mmz 2003
Piezo-Electric Materials
QUARTZ LITHIUM SULPHATE
 Resistant to wear  Efficient receiver
 Insoluble in water  Low electrical
 Resists ageing impedance
 Inefficient converter of  Operates on low
energy voltage
 Needs a relatively high  Water soluble
voltage  Low mechanical
Very rarely used nowadays strength
 Useable only up to 30ºC
Used mainly in medical

mmz 2003
Polarized Crystals

 Powders heated to Examples


high temperatures  Barium titanate (Ba Ti O3)
 Pressed into shape  Lead metaniobate
 Cooled in very (Pb Nb O6)
strong electrical  Lead zirconate titanate
fields (Pb Ti O3 or Pb Zr O3)

Most of the probes for conventional usage use

PZT : Lead Zirconate Titanate


mmz 2003
Probes

mmz 2003
Z
Probes
 The most important part of the
probe is the crystal
 The crystal are cut to a
X
particular way and thickness to
give the intended properties
 Most of the conventional crystal
are X – cut to produce
Y
Compression wave

X X

mmz 2003
Probes
 The frequency of the probe depends on
the THICKNESS of the crystal
 Formula for frequency:
Ff = V / 2t
Where Ff = the Fundamental frequency
V = the velocity in the crystal
t = the thickness of the crystal
Fundamental frequency is the frequency of the material ( crystal )
where at that frequency the material will vibrate.

mmz 2003
Probes
 The Thinner the crystal the Higher the frequency
 Which of the followings has the Thinnest crystal ?
1 MHz Compression probe
5 MHz Compression probe
10 MHz Shear probe
25 MHz Shear probe

25 MHz Shear
Probe

mmz 2003
Probe Design
 Compression Probe Electrical
 Normal probe
connectors
 0°

Housing
Damping
Transducer

mmz 2003
Probe Design
 Shear Probe
 Angle probe

Backing
medium
Damping
Transducer

Probe
Shoe

Perspex wedge
mmz 2003
Probe Design
Advantages
Twin Crystal  Can be focused
Transmitter Receiver  Measure thin plate
 Near surface
resolution
Disadvantages
 Difficult to use on
curved surfaces
 Sizing small defects
Focusing  Signal amplitude /
Separator /
lens mmz 2003 focal spot length
Insulator
Sound Intensity
Comparing the intensity of 2 signals
I 0 P0

I1 P1
Electrical power proportional to the
square of the voltage produced
2 2
P0 (V0 ) I 0 (V0 )
 2 Hence  2
P1 (V1 ) I1 (V1 )
mmz 2003
Sound Intensity
2
I 0 (V0 )
 2 Will lead to large ratios
I1 (V1 )
2
I0 (V0 )
Therefore Log..10  Log..10 2
I1 (V1 )
I0 V0
Log..10  2Log..10 BELS
I1 V1
I0 V0
Log..10  20Log..10 dB
I1
mmz 2003 V1
2 signals at 20% and 40% FSH.
What is the difference between them in dB’s?

H0
dB  20Log..10
H1
40
dB  20 Log..10  20 Log..102
20

dB  20 0.3010
dB  6dB mmz 2003
2 signals at 10% and 100% FSH.
What is the difference between them in dB’s?

H0
dB  20Log..10
H1
100
dB  20 Log..10  20 Log..1010
10

dB  201
dB  20dB mmz 2003
Amplitude ratios in decibels
2:1 = 6bB
4:1 = 12dB
5:1 = 14dB
 10 : 1 = 20dB
 100 : 1 = 40dB

mmz 2003
Automated Inspections
 Pulse Echo
 Through Transmission
 Transmission with Reflection

 Contact scanning
 Gap scanning
 Immersion testing
mmz 2003
Gap Scanning
 Probe held a fixed
distance above the
surface (1 or 2mm)
 Couplant is fed into
the gap

mmz 2003
Immersion Testing
 Component is placed in a water filled
tank
 Item is scanned with a probe at a fixed
distance above the surface

mmz 2003
Immersion Testing

Water
path
distance

Front surface Back surface

Defect

mmz 2003

Water path distance

You might also like