PORTLAND CEMENT

By
MARVIN DE GUZMAN
BSCE IV

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SIVA
 What is Cement?
A cement is a binder, a substance that sets and hardens and can bind
other materials together. The cements have property of setting and
hardening under water, by virtue of certain chemical reaction with it
and are called ‘hydraulic cements’

Chemical Composition of Cement

Lime 63%
Silica 22%
Alumina 06%
Iron oxide 03%
Gypsum 01 to 04%

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 History of “Cement”
• dates around 7000 BC - a lime concrete
floor found during the construction of a
road at Yiftah El in Galilee, Israel
• 2566 BC Cheops, Giza – the largest and the
oldest of the Pyramids of Giza with a height
of 482 feet and weight of 6 million tons
• Romans are commonly given the credit for
the development of hydraulic cement, the
most significant incorporation of the
Roman’s was the use of pozzolan-lime
cement by mixing volcanic ash from the Mt.
Vesuvius with lime. Best know surviving
example is the Pantheon in Rome

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 History of “Cement”

1824 - Joseph Aspdin’s patent for portland cement

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 Classification of Cement

Cements

Natural Cement

It is the variety of
Puzzolana Cement
artificial cement. It is
called Portland cement
because on hardening
Slag Cement (setting) its color
resembles to rocks near
Portland in England.
Portland Cement

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 PORTLAND CEMENT

By definition —
a hydraulic cement
produced by pulverizing
clinker consisting essentially
of hydraulic calcium silicates,
usually containing one or
more of the forms of calcium
sulfate as an interground
addition.

Pile of Portland cement

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 PORTLAND CEMENT

“An extremely finely ground

product by calcinising together
, at above 1500oC , an intimate
and properly proportioned
mixture of argillaceous (clay)
and calcareous (lime) raw
materials, without the addition
of anything subsequent to
calcination , excepting the
retarder gypsum”
Pile of Portland cement

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 Raw materials of Portland Cement and it’s use

Calcareous materials, CaO [eg.

Limestone ]
• Principal Constituent and its proportion can
be regulated
• Excess of lime reduces the strength and
makes the cement expand & disintegrate
• Lesser amount of lime also reduces the
strength by quick setting
Argillaceous materials, Al2O3 and SiO2
[eg. Clay ]
• Imparts strength
• Makes quick setting
• Excess of alumina weakens the cement

Powdered Coal or fuel oil

• For burning

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 Cement Manufacturing Process

Traditional Manufacture of Portland Cement

1. Stone is first reduced to 125 mm (5 in.)

size, then to 20 mm (3/4 in.), and stored.

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 Cement Manufacturing Process

2. Raw materials are ground to powder and

blended.

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 Cement Manufacturing Process

Or.
2. Raw materials are ground, mixed with water to form
slurry and blended.

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 Cement Manufacturing Process

3. Burning changes raw mix chemically into

cement clinker.

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 Cement Manufacturing Process

4. Clinker with gypsum is ground into Portland cement

and shipped.

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 Cement Manufacturing Process

Dry Process Manufacture of Portland Cement

1. Stone is first reduced to 125 mm (5 in.)

size, then to 20 mm (3/4 in.), and stored.

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 Cement Manufacturing Process

2. Raw materials are ground to

powder and blended.

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 Cement Manufacturing Process

3. Burning changes raw mix chemically into

clinker. Note four stage preheater, flash furnaces,
and shorter kiln.

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 Cement Manufacturing Process

4. Clinker with gypsum is ground into Portland

cement and shipped.

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 Cement Manufacturing Process

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 Uses of Cement

Uses
• Main use is in the fabrication of concrete and mortars
Modern uses
• Building (floors, beams, columns, roofing, piles, bricks, mortar,
panels, plaster)

• Transport (roads, pathways, crossings, bridges, viaducts, tunnels,

parking, etc.)

• Water (pipes, drains, canals, dams, tanks, pools, etc.)

• Civil (piers, docks, retaining walls, silos, warehousing, poles,

pylons, fencing)

• Agriculture (buildings, processing, housing, irrigation)

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 Ordinary Portland Cement

Chemical composition of Portland Cement:

• Tri-calcium Silicate (50%)

• Di-calcium Silicate (25%)

• Tri-calcium Aluminate (10%)

• Tetra Calcium Aluminoferrite (10%)

• Gypsum (5%)

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 Role of various ingredients of Cement

FUNCTION :TRICALCIUM SILICATE

• Hardens rapidly and largely responsible for
initial set & early strength
• The increase in percentage of this compound
will cause the early strength of Portland Cement
to be higher.
• A bigger percentage of this compound will
produces higher heat of hydration and accounts
for faster gain in strength.

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 Role of various ingredients of Cement

FUNCTION :DICALCIUM SILICATE

• Hardens slowly
• It effects on strength increases occurs
at ages beyond one week
• Responsible for long term strength

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 Role of various ingredients of Cement
FUNCTION :TRICALCIUM ALUMINATE
• Contributes to strength development in the first few days
because it is the first compound to hydrate .
• It turns out higher heat of hydration and contributes to
faster gain in strength.
• But it results in poor sulfate resistance andincreases the
volumetric shrinkage upon drying.
• Cements with low Tricalcium Aluminate contents usually
generate less heat, develop higher strengths and show
greater resistance to sulfate attacks.
• It has high heat generation and reactive with soils and
water containing moderate to high sulfate concentrations
so it’s least desirable.
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 Role of various ingredients of Cement

FUNCTION : TETRA CALCIUM

ALUMINOFERRITE
• Assist in the manufacture of Portland Cement
by allowing lower clinkering temperature.
• Also act as a filler
• Contributes very little strength of concrete even
though it hydrates very rapidly.
• Also responsible for grey color of Ordinary
Portland Cement

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 Type of Portland Cement

ASTM C 150 (AASHTO M 85)

I Normal
IA Normal, air-entraining
II Moderate sulfate resistance
IIA Moderate sulfate resistance, air-
entraining
III High early strength
IIIA High early strength, air-
entraining
IV Low heat of hydration
V High sulfate resistance

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Type II & Type V
Sulfate Resistant Cements
Type III
High Early Strength
Cements
White Portland
Cement
 Cement Properties and Tests
1. Fineness
 95% of cement particles are smaller than 45 micrometer with

the average particle around 15 micrometer.

 Fineness of cement affects heat released and the rate of

hydration.
 More is the fineness of cement more will be the rate of

hydration.
 Thus the fineness accelerates strength development
principally during the first seven days.
 Fineness tests indirectly measures the surface area of the

cement particles per unit mass :

 Wagner turbidi meter test: (ASTM C 115)

 Blaine air-permeability test (ASTM C 204)

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 Sieving using No. 325 (45 μ m) sieve (ASTM C 430)
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2. Soundness
 Soundness is the ability of a hardened paste to retain its

volume after setting.

 A cement is said to be unsound (i.e. having lack of

soundness) if it is subjected to delayed destructive

expansion.
 Unsoundness of cement is due to presence of excessive

amount of hard-burned free lime or magnesia

 Unsoundness of a cement is determined by the following

tests:
 Le-Chatelier accelerated test (BS 4550: Part 3)

 Autoclave-expansion test (ASTM C 151)

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3. Consistency
 Consistency refers to the relative mobility of a
freshly mixed cement paste or mortar or its abilityto
flow.
 Normal or Standard consistency of cement is

determined using the Vicat’s Apparatus.

 It is defined as that percentage of water added to

form the paste which allows a penetration of 10 ± 1

mm of the Vicat plunger.

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Consistency Test for mortar using
the flow table

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4. Setting Time
 This is the term used to describe the stiffening of the cement

paste.
 Setting time is to determine if a cement sets according to

the time limits specified in ASTM C 150.

 Setting time is determined using either the Vicat

apparatus(ASTM C 191) or a Gillmore needle (ASTM C

266).
 “Initial setting time” is the time from the instant at which

water is added to the cement until the paste ceases to be

fluid and plastic which corresponds to the time at which the
Vicat’s initial set needle penetrate to a point 5 mm from the
bottom of a special mould.
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Setting Time

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 ASTM C 150 prescribes a minimum initial setting
time of 60minutes for Portland cements.
 “Final setting time” the time required for the paste to
acquire certain degree of hardness. This
corresponds to the time at which the Viact’s final set
needle makes an impression on the paste surface
but the cutting edge fails to do so.
 ASTM C 150 prescribes a maximum final setting
time of 10 hours for Portland cements.
 Gypsum in the cement regulates setting time. Setting
time is also affected by cement fineness, w/c ratio,
and admixtures. 39
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 5. Compressive Strength
 Compressive strength of cement is the most important
property.
 It is determined by ducting compression tests on standard 50
mm mortar cubes in accordance with ASTM C 109.
 In general, cement strength (based on mortar-cube tests) can
not be used to predict concrete compressive strength with
great degree of accuracy because of many variables in
aggregate characteristics, concrete mixtures, construction
procedures, and environmental conditions in the field.
 Rates of compressive strength development for concrete,
made with various types of cement, are shown in Fig. 2-42.

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Compressive Strength Test

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Strength Development of Portland
Cement mortar cubes

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6. Heat of Hydration
 It is the quantity of heat (in joules) per gram of un
hydrated cement evolved upon complete hydration at
a given temperature.
 The heat of hydration can be determined by ASTM C
 186 or by a conduction calorimeter.
 The temperature at which hydration occurs greatly
affects the rate of heat development.
 Fineness of cement also affects the rate of heat
development but not the total amount of heat
liberated.

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Heat of Hydration determined by ASTM C 186
or by a conduction calorimeter

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 The amount of heat generated depends upon the chemical
composition of cement. Following are the heat of hydration
generated on hydration of the four compounds of cement.
 Compound Heat of hydration Remarks C3S 502 j/g--C2S ,
260 j/gMinimumC3A 867 j/gMaximumC4AF 419 j/g--C3S
and C3A are the compounds responsible for the high heat
evolution.
 •The approximate amount of heat generated using ASTM C
186, during the first 7 days (based on limited data) are as
follows:

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7. Loss on Ignition (LOI)
 The test for loss on ignition is performed in accordance with
ASTM C 114.
 A high weight loss on ignition of a cement sample (between

900 to 1000ºC) is an indication of pre-hydration and

carbonation, which may be caused by:
 Improper and prolonged storage
 Adulteration during transport and transfer
 Loss on ignition values range between 0 to 3%

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8. Density and Specific Gravity (ASTM C 188)
 Density is the mass of a unit volume of the solids or
particles, excluding air between particles. The
particle density of Portland cement ranges from
3.10 to 3.25 Mg/m3, averaging3.15Mg/ m3.
 It is used in concrete mixture proportioning

calculations.
 For mixture proportioning, it may be more useful to
express the density as relative density (specific
gravity).
 On an average the specific gravity of cement is

3.15. 48
 Storage of Cement
 Cement is moisture-sensitive material; if kept dry it
will retain its quality indefinitely.
 When exposed to moisture, cement will set more
slowly and will have less strength compared to
cement that kept dray.
 At the time of use cement should be free flowing
and free of lumps.

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